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Medical Terminology > Ch. 10 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

to coordinate and control all bodily systems

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2
Q

What are the 4 major structures of the nervous system?

A
  1. nerves
  2. brain
  3. spinal cord
  4. sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue)
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3
Q

What are the two primary parts of the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system (CNS)

2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

What does the CNS consist of? What is it’s function?

A

Brain and spinal chord

to receive and process info, and to regulate all bodily activities

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5
Q

What does the PNS consist of? What is it’s function?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord.

to transmit nerve signals to, and from, the CNS.

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6
Q

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body

A

nerve

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7
Q

bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

A

tract

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8
Q

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

A

ascending nerve tracts

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9
Q

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

A

descending nerve tracts

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10
Q

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

A

ganglion

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11
Q

means the supply of nerves to a specific body part

A

innervation

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12
Q

a network of intersecting spinal nerves

A

plexus

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13
Q

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

A

receptors

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14
Q

anything that activates a nerve and causes an impulse

A

stimulus

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15
Q

an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

A

reflex

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16
Q

the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body t communicate with each other

A

neurons

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17
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. afferent neurons
  2. connecting neurons
  3. efferent neurons
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18
Q

What do the afferent neurons do?

A

known as the sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What do the connecting neurons do?

A

aka associative neurons, they link sensory and motor neurons

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20
Q

What do the efferent neurons do?

A

aka motor neurons, they carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands

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21
Q

the root-like processes of the neuron that receives impulses and conducts them to the cell body

A

dendrites

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22
Q

a process of the neuron that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

A

axon

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23
Q

the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse

A

terminal end fibers

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24
Q

the space btw two neurons or btw a neuron and a receptor organ

A

synapse

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25
Q

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

A

neurotransmitters

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26
Q

provide support and protection for neurons by surrounding and holding them in place, supplying nutrients and oxygen, insulating one neuron from another, and destroying and removing dead neurons

A

glial cells

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27
Q

protective covering made up of glial cells, forms the white matter of the brain

A

myelin sheath

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28
Q

the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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29
Q

the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

A

dura mater

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30
Q

the second layer of the meninges with resembles a spider web

A

arachnoid membrane

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31
Q

the third layer of the meninges which is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord, consisting of delicate connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels

A

pia mater

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32
Q

clear, colorless, and watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

what are the two function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. cool and cushion from shock or injury

2. nourish the brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to these tissues

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34
Q

the largest and uppermost portion of the brain that is responsible for all though, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions

A

cerebrum

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35
Q

pertaining to the cerebrum

A

cerebral

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36
Q

part of the brain the relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex, it suppresses some stimuli and magnifies others

A

thalamus

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37
Q

part of the brain that control vital bodily functions

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

part of the brain that coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

A

cerebellum

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39
Q

part of the brain that controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestions, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal (being awake and alert)

A

brainstem

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40
Q

part of the brainstem that provides condiction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain, they also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head

A

midbrain and pons

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41
Q

part of the brainstem which is located in the lowest part and connected to the spinal cord, which controls basic survival fuctions

A

medulla

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42
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for? What are the two divisions?

A

it controls the involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs

  1. sympathetic nervous system
  2. parasympathetic nervous system
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43
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing breathing rate, heartrate, and blood flow to muscles

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44
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

returns body to normal after a response to stress, also maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful

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45
Q

dr who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

A

anesthesiologist

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46
Q

medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician

A

anesthetist

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47
Q

dr who specializes in disorders of the nervous system

A

neurologist

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48
Q

dr who specializes in treating chemical dependencies. emotional problems, and mental illness

A

psychiatrist

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49
Q

hold advanced degree but is not a medical dr, treats emotional problems and mental illness

A

psychologist

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50
Q

cephalalgia

A

pain in the head (headache)

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51
Q

migrane headache

A

preceded by a warning aura, throbbing pain on one side of the head, usually are accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sounds, primarily women affected

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52
Q

cluster headaches

A

intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of eyes and nasal congestion, primarily men, named for repeated occurrence in groups or clusters

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53
Q

encephalocele

A

congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skill

54
Q

meningocele

A

congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

55
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

56
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection and can be fatal

57
Q

group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language

A

Alzheimer’s disease

58
Q

cognition

A

term that describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

59
Q

dementia

A

slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes

60
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

61
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

chronic, degenerative CNS disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow shuffling gait

62
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion usually follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

63
Q

tetanus

A

aka lockjaw, acute and potentially fatal infection of the CNS caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria, without vaccination, you can get it from a deep puncture wound

64
Q

amnesia

A

memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences

65
Q

concussion

A

violent shaking up or jarring of the brain

66
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

67
Q

cranial hematoma

A

collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

68
Q

lethargy

A

lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

69
Q

stupor

A

unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts

70
Q

syncope

A

fainting, brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

71
Q

coma

A

profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech

72
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles, however, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake

73
Q

delirium

A

acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

74
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke, damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted bc a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured

75
Q

ischemic stroke

A

most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

76
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain

77
Q

aphasia

A

loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word

78
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks, less common and often fatal

79
Q

insomnia

A

prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep

80
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

81
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

82
Q

myelosis

A

tumor of the spinal cord

83
Q

poliomyelitis

A

aka polio, highly contagious viral disease

84
Q

radiculitis

A

pinched nerve, inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

85
Q

cervical radiculopathy

A

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

86
Q

lumbar radiculopathy

A

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of disks

87
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath

88
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease, rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles

89
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face

90
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis. autoimmune reaction that can occur after certain viral infections or immunizations

91
Q

Sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot

92
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

characterized by severe lightening-like pain due to inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve, affects the cheek, lips, and gums only on one side of the face

93
Q

cerebral palsy

A

condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurological deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum, caused by injury during pregnancy, birth, or soon after

94
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

95
Q

seizure

A

sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

96
Q

causalgia

A

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

97
Q

complex region pain syndrome

A

pain that occurs after an injury to an arm or a leg, a heart attack, stroke, or other medical problem. burning pain that is much worse than what would be expected from the injury

98
Q

hyperesthesia

A

condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

99
Q

parasthesia

A

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body, these symptoms may constitute the first signs of peripheral neuropathy or it may be a drug side effect

100
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

disorder of the nerves that carry info to and from the brain and spinal cord. Produces pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles, particularly in the arms or legs

101
Q

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

A

neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them

102
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery, performed to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

103
Q

echoencephalography

A

the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain

104
Q

electroencephalography

A

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

105
Q

myelography

A

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

106
Q

lumbar puncture

A

spinal tap, process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid

107
Q

amobarbital

A

barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

108
Q

hypnotic

A

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

109
Q

anticonvulsant

A

administered to prevent seizures

110
Q

barbiturates

A

class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the CNS

111
Q

sedative

A

depresses the CNS to produce clam and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

112
Q

anesthesia

A

the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic

113
Q

anesthetic

A

the medication used to induce anesthesia, may be topical, local, regional, or general

114
Q

epidural anesthetic

A

a regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural spcae of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

115
Q

agoraphobia

A

excessive fear of situations in which having a panic attack seems likely or dangerous or embarrassing, like leaving home for a social situation

116
Q

mental retardation three criteria

A
  1. significant below-average intellectual functioning
  2. significant deficits in adaptive functioning
  3. onset during the developmental period of life, which is before 18
117
Q

dissociative disorders

A

when normal though is separated from consciousness

118
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

multiple personalities, a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more personalities, each with its own characteristics

119
Q

factitious disorder

A

condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when they are fine, motivated by a desire to receive attention and sympathy

120
Q

factitious disorder by proxy

A

mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up or inducing symptoms

121
Q

impulse-control disorders

A

group of psychiatric disorders characterized by the inability to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

122
Q

dysthymia

A

low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years

123
Q

psychotic disorder

A

the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

124
Q

somatoform disorder

A

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’ body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

125
Q

conversion disorder

A

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than physical cause

126
Q

hypochondriasis

A

fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance

127
Q

malingering

A

intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by avoiding work

128
Q

delirium tremens

A

disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping use of alcohol

129
Q

psychoanalysis

A

based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior

130
Q

behavior therapy

A

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

131
Q

cognitive therapy

A

focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions. These are identified and then challenged through logic, gathering evidence, and/or testing in action

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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