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Medical Terminology > Ch.3-Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch.3-Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa

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2
Q

What are 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • framework for the body
  • support and protect internal organs
  • allow for body movement
  • store calcium
  • store red bone marrow
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3
Q

The tough fibrous tissue that forms the outmost covering of bone.

A

Periosteum

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4
Q

The dense, hard, and very strong bone layer that forms the protective out layer.

A

Compact bone

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5
Q

Lighter, and less strong type of bone that is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones.

A

Spongy bone

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6
Q

Cavity located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone

A

Medullary cavity

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7
Q

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity.

A

Endosteum

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8
Q

Located within the spongy bone and manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

Located within the medullary cavity and functions as a fat storage area.

A

Yellow bone marrow

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10
Q

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones, and makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton.

A

cartilage

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11
Q

Covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints.

A

articular cartilage

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12
Q

Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee, and jaw.

A

meniscus

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13
Q

The shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

Wide end of the long bone, covered in articular cartilage.

A

epiphysis

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15
Q

Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass.

A

foramen

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16
Q

Normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons.

A

process

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17
Q

The place of union between two or more bones

A

Joints or articulations

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18
Q

Inflexible layers of dense connective tissues which holds the bones tightly together, such as in the skull.

A

fibrous joints or sutures

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19
Q

Flexible soft spots present on the skull of newborns.

A

fontanelles

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20
Q

Type of joint that allows slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage such as where the ribs connect to the sternum.

A

cartilaginous joints

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21
Q

Cartilaginous joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

A

pubic symphysis

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22
Q

Joint where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions such as ball and socket joints or hinge joints.

A

synovial joint

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23
Q

The outmost layer of a synovial joint consisting of fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.

A

synovial capsule

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24
Q

Lines the synovial capsule and secretes synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

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25
Q

Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another, or joining a bone to cartilage.

A

ligaments

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26
Q

Fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.

A

bursa

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27
Q

Part of the skeleton that protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

A

axial skeleton

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28
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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29
Q

Part of the skeleton that makes movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.

A

appendicular skeleton

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30
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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31
Q

How many bones form the skull?

A

8 bones in the cranium
14 bones of the face
6 bones of the middle ear

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32
Q

Which bone forms the forehead?

A

frontal bone

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33
Q

Which bones form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium?

A

parietal bones

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34
Q

Which bone forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium?

A

occipital bone

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35
Q

Which bones form the sides and base of the cranium?

A

temporal bones

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36
Q

Which bone forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit?

A

sphenoid bone

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37
Q

Which bone forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium?

A

ethmoid bone

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38
Q

The six tiny bone of the middle ear are known as?

A

auditory ossicles

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39
Q

The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull.

A

external auditory meatus

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40
Q

The bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose.

A

nasal bones

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41
Q

Cheekbones

A

zygomatic bones

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42
Q

Bones that form most of the upper jaw.

A

maxillary bones

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43
Q

Bones that form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

A

palatine bones

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44
Q

The bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye

A

lacrimal bones

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45
Q

Thin scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

A

inferior conchae

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46
Q

Bone that forms the base for the nasal septum

A

vomer bone

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47
Q

Jawbone

A

mandible

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48
Q

Joint where the mandible attaches to the skull

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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49
Q

Breastbone

A

sternum

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50
Q

Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

A

manubrium

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51
Q

Bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

A

body of the sternum

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52
Q

Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

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53
Q

The shoulder girdle is also known as?

A

pectoral girdle

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54
Q

Slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

A

clavicle or collar bone

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55
Q

Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

A

acromion

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56
Q

Large projection on the upper end o the ulna

A

olecranon process or funnybone

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57
Q

8 bones that form the wrist

A

carpals

58
Q

5 bones that form the palms

A

metacarpals

59
Q

14 bones of the fingers

A

phalanges, phalanx (singular), 3 on each finger (distal, middle, proximal)

60
Q

How many vertebrae are in each section?

A

cervical-7
thoracic-12
lumbar-5

61
Q

Triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back.

A

sacrum

62
Q

The four small fused vertebrae at the end of the spine

A

coccyx or tailbone

63
Q

Broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

A

ilium

64
Q

Sightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

A

sacroiliac

65
Q

Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears weight of body when sitting

A

ischium

66
Q

Forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone

A

pubis

67
Q

Hip socket

A

acetabulum

68
Q

Term referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located.

A

popliteal

69
Q

The rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle

A

malleolus

70
Q

The anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

A

talus

71
Q

Heel bone

A

calcaneus

72
Q

Dr. that specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders from misalignment of the spine.

A

chiropractor

73
Q

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.

A

orthopedic surgeon or orthopedist

74
Q

Dr that uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating problems by spinal manipulation.

A

osteopath

75
Q

Dr. that specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

A

podiatrist

76
Q

The loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

A

ankylosis

77
Q

Stiffness of the joints

A

arthrosclerosis

78
Q

inflammation of a bursa

A

bursitis

79
Q

Abnormal softening of cartilage

A

chondromalacia

80
Q

slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

A

chondroma

81
Q

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

A

costochondritis

82
Q

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great tow

A

hallux valgus or bunion

83
Q

blood within a joint

A

hemarthrosis

84
Q

inflammation of the synovial membrane

A

synovitis

85
Q

spinal osteoarthritis

A

spondylosis

86
Q

deposits of uric acid in the joints

A

gouty arthritis or gout

87
Q

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs are attacked

A

rheumatoid arthritis

88
Q

form of RA that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

A

ankylosing spondylitis

89
Q

low back pain is also called

A

lumbago

90
Q

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or sacrum below it

A

spondylolisthesis

91
Q

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

A

spina bifida

92
Q

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

A

kyphosis

93
Q

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

A

lordosis

94
Q

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

95
Q

malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures

A

craniostenosis

96
Q

bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue

A

fibrous dysplasia

97
Q

bone disease where there is excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

A

Paget’s disease

98
Q

Disease in children that results in defective bone growth caused by lack of vit D

A

Rickets

99
Q

congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

A

talipes or clubfoot

100
Q

Rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

A

primary bone cancer

101
Q

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs.

A

secondary bone cancer

102
Q

type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells in the red bone marrow

A

myeloma

103
Q

benign bony projection covered with cartilage

A

osteochondroma

104
Q

type of fracture where a bone compresses on itself

A

compression fracture

105
Q

fracture of the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall

A

Colles’ fracture

106
Q

broken hip

A

osteoporotic hip fracture

107
Q

fracture in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound

A

closed fracture, simple fracture, complete fracture

108
Q

fracture where bone is broken and there is an open wound

A

open fracture, compound fracture

109
Q

fracture where bone is splintered or crushed

A

comminuted fracture

110
Q

fracture where bone is bent and only partially broken-primarily occurs in children

A

greenstick fracture, incomplete fracture

111
Q

fracture that occurs at an angle across the bone

A

oblique fracture

112
Q

when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

A

pathologic fracture

113
Q

fracture where bone has been twisted apart

A

spiral fracture

114
Q

small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact

A

stress fracture

115
Q

fracture that occurs straight across the bone

A

transverse fracture

116
Q

Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood and can block the blood vessel

A

fat embolus

117
Q

grating sound heard in joints, or crackling sound heard in lungs affected with pneumonia

A

crepitation or crepitus

118
Q

forms as a bulging deposit around the area of a broken bone, also thickening of skin

A

callus

119
Q

visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

A

arthroscopy

120
Q

procedure where sound waves take measurements of the calcaneus to test for loss of bone mass

A

ultrasonic bone density testing

121
Q

test that uses low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

A

dual x-ray absorptiometry

122
Q

bone marrow transplant from compatible donor

A

allogenic bone marrow transplant

123
Q

originating within another

A

allogenic

124
Q

bone marrow transplant from their own treated marrow

A

autologous bone marrow transplant

125
Q

originating within an individual

A

autologous

126
Q

mechanical appliance such as a leg brace

A

orthotic

127
Q

substitute for missing body part

A

prosthesis

128
Q

surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

A

arthrodesis

129
Q

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

A

arthrolysis

130
Q

minimally invasive procedure for the treatment to the interior of a joint

A

arthroscopic surgery

131
Q

surgical removal of a bursa

A

bursectomy

132
Q

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

A

chondroplasty

133
Q

surgical removal of a synovial membrane

A

synovectomy

134
Q

Another word for joint replacement

A

arthroplasty

135
Q

replacement of a worn or failed implant

A

revision surgery

136
Q

procedure where a thin tube is inserted in the back to suction out ruptured disk or to vaporize it

A

percutaneous diskectomy

137
Q

procedure where bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column from osteoporosis

A

percutaneous vertebroplasty

138
Q

attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture using manually applied forces and then immobilization

A

closed reduction or manipulation

139
Q

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

A

traction

140
Q

fracture treatment where pins are placed through soft tissues and bone to hold in place, removed when complete

A

external fixation

141
Q

fracture treatment where a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces in place, usually not removed

A

internal fixation or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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