Ch.44 Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

Sinus related conditions accompanied by neurologic deficits should house suspicion of

Answer 1

Infection of the sphenopalatine sinus

Question 2

The sphenopalatine sinuses are intimately associated with what nerves

Answer 2

2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Question 3

What does the frontal sinus communicate with

Answer 3

Dorsal conchal sinus

caudalmaxillary

Question 4

The nasal cavity is divided into equal halves by what

Answer 4

Nasal septum and vomer bone

Question 5

Where does the dorsal concha extend to and from

Answer 5

Cribiform plate of ethmoidal bone to second premolar (106/206)

Question 6

Where does the ventral concha extend to and from

Answer 6

3rd molar (11s) to 2nd premolar (06s)

Question 7

Sizes of dorsal and ventral conchal bullae

Answer 7

Dorsal: 7.5cm 24cm cubed vol
Ventral 5.7cm 15cm cubed vol

Question 8

How many pairs of sinus does the horse have

Answer 8

7 pairs
1. Frontal
2. Dorsal Conchal
3. Middle conchal or ethmoidal
4. Ventral conchal
5. Caudal maxillary
6. Rostral maxillary
7. Sphenopalatine

Question 9

Which sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity directly

Answer 9

Rostral and caudal maxillary

Question 10

Each concha is divided into rostral and caudal by a septum, where is the air filled bulla located

Answer 10

Rostral

Question 11

What does the caudal compartment of the dorsal conchal sinus communicate with

Answer 11

Frontal sinus - conchofrontal sinus

Question 12

What does the caudal compartment of the ventral conchal sinus communicate with

Answer 12

Rostral maxillary sinus over the infraorbital canal through the conch-maxillary opening

Question 13

Where is the middle conchal sinus located

Answer 13

In the greater ethmoid-turbinate

Question 14

Which tooth root enters the rostral maxillary sinus

Answer 14

109/209

Question 15

Which tooth roots enter the caudal maxillary sinus

Answer 15

110,111,210,211

Question 16

The caudal maxillary sinus is divided how axially

Answer 16

By the infraorbital canal axially to which it communicated with the sphenopalatine sinus

Question 17

What does the caudal maxillary sinus communicate with

Answer 17

1. Sphenopalatine
2. Dorsally with conchofrontal via
   frontomaxillary opening
3. Nasal cavity via nasomaxillary
   opening into caudal aspect of middle
   meatus

Question 18

Which of these statements is correct

a. The dorsal conchal bulla has an average rostro–caudal extent of 7.5 cm (range 4.6–14 cm) with a volume of 24 cm3 compared to the smaller ventral conchal bulla, which extends an average distance of 5.7 cm (range 2.5–8.5 cm) and has a volume of 15 cm3

b. older large-headed horses have smaller bullae than younger, small-headed horses

c. the dorsal concha extends from the level of the 111/211 (third molar) to the level of 106/206.

d. the ventral concha extends from the cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone to the level of the triadan106/206

Answer 18

a. The dorsal conchal bulla has an average rostro–caudal extent of 7.5 cm (range 4.6–14 cm) with a volume of 24 cm3 compared to the smaller ventral conchal bulla, which extends an average distance of 5.7 cm (range 2.5–8.5 cm) and has a volume of 15 cm3

older large-headed horses have larger bullae than younger, small-headed horses

the ventral concha extends from the level of the 111/211 (third molar) to the level of 106/206.

the dorsal concha extends from the cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone to the level of the triadan106/206

Question 19

a. the horse’s extensive paranasal sinus system consists of 6 pairs of sinuses: the frontal, dorsal conchal, middle conchal (or ethmoidal), ventral conchal, caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses

b. all the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity directly

c. each concha is divided into a rostral and a caudal compartment by a septum

d.the caudal portion of dorsal and ventral concha contain an air-filled bulla termed the bulla choncalis dorsalis and the bulla conchalis ventralis

Answer 19

c. Each concha is divided into a rostral and a caudal compartment by a septum

the horse’s extensive paranasal sinus system consists of seven pairs of sinuses: the frontal, dorsal conchal, middle conchal (or ethmoidal), ventral conchal, caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses, and the sphenopalatine sinuses

all the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity directly (rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses) or indirectly (all the remaining sinus compart- ments) through the maxillary sinuses.

the rostral portion of dorsal and ventral concha contain an air-filled bulla

Question 20

a. the caudal compartment of the dorsal concha forms the dorsal conchal sinus, which communicates with the frontal sinus, forming the conchofrontal sinus

b. the caudal compartment of the ventral concha forms the ventral conchal sinus, which communicates with the rostral maxillary sinus over the infraorbital canal through the conchomaxillary opening

c. neither are correct

d. both are correct

Answer 20

Both are correct

Question 21

a. the frontal sinus is the largest of the sinuses

b. the roots of the 108/208 and109/209 usually enters the rostral maxillary compartment,

c. the roots of 110/210 usually enter the caudal compartment

d. the caudal maxillary sinus is partially divided by the infraorbital canal, axially to which it communicates with the sphenopalatine sinus.

Answer 21

d. the caudal maxillary sinus is partially divided by the infraorbital canal, axially to which it communicates with the sphenopalatine sinus.

Maxillary is largest sinus

the root of the first molar (109/209) usually enters the rostral maxillary compartment,
and the roots of the second (110/210) and third molars (111/211) usually enter the caudal compartment.

Question 22

Which is true regarding the caudal maxillary sinus

a. it is divided by the infraorbital canal, communicates axially with the sphenopalatine sinus

b. communicates dorsally with the conchofrontal sinus via the frontomaxillary opening at the level of the osseous lacrimal canal and the medial wall of the orbit.

c. communicates with the nasal cavity through a compressed nasomaxillary opening into the caudal aspect of the middle meatus. less than 2 mm in width.

d. all of the above

Answer 22

d. all of the above

Question 23

Which is true regarding the rostral maxillary sinus

a. it is divided by the infraorbital canal, communicates axially with the sphenopalatine sinus

b. communicates dorsally with the conchofrontal sinus via the frontomaxillary opening at the level of the osseous lacrimal canal and the medial wall of the orbit.

c. communicates with the nasal cavity through a compressed nasomaxillary opening into the caudal aspect of the middle meatus. less than 2 mm in width.

d. none of the above

Answer 23

d. none of the above

b and c are caudal max sinus

ventral conchal for a

Question 24

Which is true regarding the rostral maxillary sinus

a. separated from the ventral conchal sinus by the infraorbital canal and its supporting bony plate

b. it is divided by the infraorbital canal, communicates axially with the sphenopalatine sinus

c. the rostral maxillary sinus and the ventral conchal sinus communicate with the frontal sinus via a narrow slit, the nasomaxillary opening

d. all of the above

Answer 24

a. separated from the ventral conchal sinus by the infraorbital canal and its supporting bony plate

the rostral maxillary sinus and the ventral conchal sinus communicate with the middle nasal meatus via a narrow slit, the nasomaxillary opening

Question 25

a. the maxillary sinus is more predisposed to disease than the other sinuses because of direct communication with the nasal cavity and its association with the dental alveoli.

b. the frontal sinus has an extensive rostromedial communication with the dorsal conchal sinus and together they are referred to as the conchofrontal sinus

c. the dorsal continuation of the maxillary septum extends into the aperture and creates separate openings from the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus compartments into the middle meatus

d. all of the above

Answer 25

d. all of the above

Question 26

a. the sphenoid and palatine sinuses grow as the horse ages eventually forming the combined sphenopalatine sinus

b. the opening into the sphenoid sinus is usually visible during routine sinoscopy, and can be found within the caudal recesses of the caudal maxillary sinus, medial to the infraorbital canal

c. the sphenopalatine sinuses are intimately associated with the calvarium and cranial nerves i, iii, iV, V, Vi and Vii

d. none of the above

Answer 26

d. none of the above

the sphenoid and palatine sinuses are usually, but not always, contiguous in the horse, forming the combined sphenopalatine sinus. opening into the palatine sinus is usually visible during routine sinoscopy, and can be found within the caudal recesses of the caudal maxillary sinus, medial to the infraorbital canal

the sphenopalatine sinuses are intimately associated with the calvarium and cranial nerves ii, iii, iV, V, and Vi