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Eq ACVS Phase 1 > Ch.31 Stomach & Duodenum > Flashcards

Ch.31 Stomach & Duodenum Flashcards

1
Q

Capacity of equine stomach

A

5-15L

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2
Q

Part of stomach to right of midline

A

Pyloris

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3
Q

Most caudal part of stomach, where is it located

A

Fundus
14th-15th rib space

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4
Q

Where is the cardia attached and how

A

Diaphragm via Gastrophrenic lig

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5
Q

What is the gastrophrenic lig a continuation of

A

Phrenicosplenic lig and the gastrosplenic lig

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6
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach

A

Greater curvature
Blends into gastrophrenic lig

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7
Q

What blind space does the greater omentum create

A

Omental bursa

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8
Q

The entrance to the omental bursa is the epiploic foramen, what are its boarders

A

Inferior (caudal)Vena cava dorsally
Portal vein ventrally and hepatic artery
Caudate border of liver cranialLY
Right lobe of pancreas caudally

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9
Q

What connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver

A

Lesser omentum - hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligs

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10
Q

Blood supply to stomach

A

Celiac artery
Venous drainage gastric veins to portal vein

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11
Q

What structure lies within the cranial duodenal flexure

A

The duodenum forms a dilated ampulla then curves sharply dorsally creating a curve within which the pancreas lies

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12
Q

What structures open into the cranial duodenal flexure

A

Bile and pancreatic ducts - enter at the major duodenal papillae

Accessory pancreatic duct across from major duodenal papillae at the minor duodenal papilla

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13
Q

Where is the caudal duodenal flexure

A

At most dorsal point of duodenum
Runs across base of cecum
curves caudally around root of mesentery and goes to left abdomen

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14
Q

Where does the dudenocolic fold attach

A

Transverse colon and proximal descending colon

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15
Q

Blood supply to duodenum

A

Celiac A -> give off Gastroduodenal A
distally the Cranial mesenteric A

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16
Q

Venous drainage of duodenum

A

Cranial mesenteric v ->portal v

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17
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach based on type of mucosal lining

A
  1. Nonglandular stratified squamous ep
  2. Cardiac epi
  3. Proper gastric mucosa
  4. Pyloric mucosa
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18
Q

Which mucosal lining makes up most of the stomach

A

Stratified squamous 50%

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19
Q

What does the cardiac epithelium have the ability to secrete

A

Cells capable of secreting somatostatin - negative feedback for gastric acid secretion

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20
Q

The proper gastric mucosa has glands capable of secreting what

A

HCl secreting parietal cells

Pepsinogen secreting zymogen cells

Enterochromaffin-like ECF cells - histamine

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21
Q

Effect of secreted histamine

A

Amplifies HCl secretion from parietal cells

22
Q

Pyloric mucosa contains what cells and what do they secrete

A

G-cells - gastrin - enhances gastric acid secretion

D-cells - somatostatin - increases ph by stimulates bicarb and mucous production

23
Q

What type of epithelium is in the mucosal layer of duodenum and what are its functions

A

Single layer of columnar epithelium
Both secretory and absorptive functions

24
Q

What specialised glands are present in the proximal submucosa ofthe duodenum and what do they produce

A

Brunner glands
Mucous and serous tubuloacinar glands. (other species just mucous)

Empty into duodenal mucosal crypts
Together secrete mucin trefoil peptides, epidermal growth factor - protective and reparative film.

Brunner also contain small amount of bicarb and stimulate production of bicarb

25
Q

Role of PGE2 in the duodenum

A

Stims bicarb secretion - via Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

26
Q

What is the principally secreted anion in the jejunum and ileum

A

Chloride

27
Q

Where is the MMC Migrating microelectric complex initiated in the horse

A

Duodenum (other sp gastric antrum)

28
Q

Baseline transepithelial resistance measurements of stratified squamous epithelium

A

2000 - 3000 Ohms cm2

29
Q

List the 4 layers of the stratified squamous epithelium in the stomach in order of superficial to deep

A

Strautum corneum
Stratum transitionale
Straum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

30
Q

What is mainly responsible for the barrier function in the squamous epithelium

A

Interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum corneum
Mucosubstances secreted by stratum spinosum

31
Q

Gastric mucosa secrets what to protect against H+

A

Mucous and bicarb which form a gel that titrates acid before it reaches the lumen

32
Q

Where does ulceration occur most commonly in horses

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

What in particular is capable of breaking down the squamous epithelium

A

Short chain fat acids - produced in fermentation - damage Na+ transport activity in stratum germinativum

Bile salts - reflux from duodenum

34
Q

Which statement is true regarding the stomach

a. Capacity of 5-15L

b. When completely full lays against the ventral abdomen

c. The pyloric segment lies to the left of midline

d. Topographically it’s most cranial component is the fundus

A

a. capacity of 5-15L

b. never touches ventral abdomen

c. The pyloric segment lies to the right of midline

d. Topographically it’s most caudal component is the fundus

35
Q

Which statement is true regarding the stomach

a. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrosplenic ligament

b. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament

c. the greater omentum attaches along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament

d. the greater omentum attaches along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrosplenic ligament

A

b. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament

36
Q

Which statement is true regarding the duodenum

a. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen.

b. the duodenum attaches to the right dorsal colon and the proximal descending colon by the duodenocolic fold

c. the bile and pancreatic ducts open within the caudal duodenal flexure, and enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

d. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the cranial duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen

A

a. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen.

the duodenum attaches to the transverse colon and the proximal descending colon by the duodenocolic fold

the bile and pancreatic ducts open within the cranial duodenal flexure, and enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen

37
Q

List the regions of the stomach based on types of mucosal lining in order of orad to aborad

a. pyloric mucosa, non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa)

b. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), cardiac epithelium, pyloric mucosa

c. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, pyloric mucosa, gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa)

d. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), pyloric mucosa

A

d. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), pyloric mucosa

38
Q

Parietal cells secrete what?

a. Pepsin

b. Pepsinogen

c. HCl

d. Histamine

A

c. HCl

pepsinogen is produced by zymogen cells and is later converted to pepsin

histamine is produced by enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells

39
Q

Which statement is true

a. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing pepsinogen-secreting parietal cells and HCl secreting zymogen cells.

b. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing histamine-secreting parietal cells and pepsinogen- secreting zymogen cells.

c. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.

d. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies pepsinogen secretion by the parietal cells.

A

c. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.

the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing HCl-secreting parietal cells and pepsinogen- secreting zymogen cells.
in addition, this segment of mucosa contains enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.

40
Q

Which statement is true

a. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.

b. the pyloric mucosa contains both zymogen cells, which secrete gastrin, and parietal cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.

c. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete histamine, and D-cells, which secrete pepsinogen. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.

d. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which are capable of secreting bicarbonate.

A

a. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.

41
Q

Which statement is true

a. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium with solely absorptive functions.

b. the distal duodenal submucosa contains specialized Brunner glands.

c. Brunner glands in horses are comprised of serous tubuloacinar glands (as opposed to mucous and serous glands in other mammals, such as pigs and ruminants)

d. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium serving both secretory and absorptive functions.

A

d. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium serving both secretory and absorptive functions.

42
Q

Which statement is true

a. Brunner glands contain factors that stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to elevate the pH of contents received from the stomach.

b. Brunner glands do not secrete bicarbonate

c. Brunner glands produce pepsinogen

d. Brunner glands are solely serous in Ruminants

A

a. Brunner glands contain factors that stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to elevate the pH of contents received from the stomach.

They are serous and mucous in horses but just mucous in ru

They secrete a little bicarb

43
Q

What prostanoid is produced in the duodenum in response to changes in pH

A

the duodenal epithelium has the ability to sense changes in pH, resulting in the generation of mediators, particularly prostaglandin e2 (PGe2).

this prostanoid binds to epithelial receptors, which results in stimulation of bicarbonate secretion via epithelial anion channels, most prominently the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFtr).

44
Q

What anion does the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFtr) produce in the jejunum and ileum

A

Chloride

45
Q

Which of these statements is true

a. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a positive feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.

b. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete histamine in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.

c. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete histamine in equine mucosa, which serves as a positive feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.

d. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.

A

d. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.

46
Q

Which secretory cells exists in the proper gastric mucosa and what do they produce

A

Parietal - HCl

Zymogen - Pepsinogen

Enterochromaffin-like (eCl) - Histamine

47
Q

Which of these statements is true

a. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the gastric antrum

b. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of two phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum

c. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of two phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the gastric antrum

d. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum

A

d. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum

the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum (compared with other species, where the mmC is initiated in the gastric antrum).

48
Q

Which statement is true regarding stratified squamous mucosa

a. the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.

b. impermeability is one of several mechanisms of defense against injury in this type of mucosa.

c. the stratified squamous epithelium consists of four layers: the outer stratum corneum, the stratum spinosum, stratum transitionale and the basal stratum germinativum.

d. interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum germinativum and mucosubstances secreted by the stratum spinosum are mainly responsible for barrier function

A

a. the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.

the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.

this is the only mechanism of defense against injury in this type of mucosa.

the stratified squamous epithelium consists of four layers: the outer stratum corneum, the stratum transitionale, the stratum spinosum, and the basal stratum germinativum.

interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum corneum and mucosubstances secreted by the stratum spinosum are mainly responsible for barrier function.

48
Q

How is the proper gastric mucosa protected from back diffusion of H+

A

the gastric mucosa secretes both mucus and bicarbonate, which together form an HCO3−-containing gel that titrates acid before it reaches the lumen

high transepithelial electrical resistance 2000 - 3000ohms

48
Q

Ulceration in horses most commonly involves which epithelium

A

Ulceration in horses most commonly involves the stratified squamous epithelium

Eq ACVS Phase 1 (72 decks)

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