Ch.31 Stomach & Duodenum Flashcards
Capacity of equine stomach
5-15L
Part of stomach to right of midline
Pyloris
Most caudal part of stomach, where is it located
Fundus
14th-15th rib space
Where is the cardia attached and how
Diaphragm via Gastrophrenic lig
What is the gastrophrenic lig a continuation of
Phrenicosplenic lig and the gastrosplenic lig
Where does the greater omentum attach
Greater curvature
Blends into gastrophrenic lig
What blind space does the greater omentum create
Omental bursa
The entrance to the omental bursa is the epiploic foramen, what are its boarders
Inferior (caudal)Vena cava dorsally
Portal vein ventrally and hepatic artery
Caudate border of liver cranialLY
Right lobe of pancreas caudally
What connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver
Lesser omentum - hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligs
Blood supply to stomach
Celiac artery
Venous drainage gastric veins to portal vein
What structure lies within the cranial duodenal flexure
The duodenum forms a dilated ampulla then curves sharply dorsally creating a curve within which the pancreas lies
What structures open into the cranial duodenal flexure
Bile and pancreatic ducts - enter at the major duodenal papillae
Accessory pancreatic duct across from major duodenal papillae at the minor duodenal papilla
Where is the caudal duodenal flexure
At most dorsal point of duodenum
Runs across base of cecum
curves caudally around root of mesentery and goes to left abdomen
Where does the dudenocolic fold attach
Transverse colon and proximal descending colon
Blood supply to duodenum
Celiac A -> give off Gastroduodenal A
distally the Cranial mesenteric A
Venous drainage of duodenum
Cranial mesenteric v ->portal v
What are the 4 regions of the stomach based on type of mucosal lining
- Nonglandular stratified squamous ep
- Cardiac epi
- Proper gastric mucosa
- Pyloric mucosa
Which mucosal lining makes up most of the stomach
Stratified squamous 50%
What does the cardiac epithelium have the ability to secrete
Cells capable of secreting somatostatin - negative feedback for gastric acid secretion
The proper gastric mucosa has glands capable of secreting what
HCl secreting parietal cells
Pepsinogen secreting zymogen cells
Enterochromaffin-like ECF cells - histamine
Effect of secreted histamine
Amplifies HCl secretion from parietal cells
Pyloric mucosa contains what cells and what do they secrete
G-cells - gastrin - enhances gastric acid secretion
D-cells - somatostatin - increases ph by stimulates bicarb and mucous production
What type of epithelium is in the mucosal layer of duodenum and what are its functions
Single layer of columnar epithelium
Both secretory and absorptive functions
What specialised glands are present in the proximal submucosa ofthe duodenum and what do they produce
Brunner glands
Mucous and serous tubuloacinar glands. (other species just mucous)
Empty into duodenal mucosal crypts
Together secrete mucin trefoil peptides, epidermal growth factor - protective and reparative film.
Brunner also contain small amount of bicarb and stimulate production of bicarb
Role of PGE2 in the duodenum
Stims bicarb secretion - via Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
What is the principally secreted anion in the jejunum and ileum
Chloride
Where is the MMC Migrating microelectric complex initiated in the horse
Duodenum (other sp gastric antrum)
Baseline transepithelial resistance measurements of stratified squamous epithelium
2000 - 3000 Ohms cm2
List the 4 layers of the stratified squamous epithelium in the stomach in order of superficial to deep
Strautum corneum
Stratum transitionale
Straum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
What is mainly responsible for the barrier function in the squamous epithelium
Interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum corneum
Mucosubstances secreted by stratum spinosum
Gastric mucosa secrets what to protect against H+
Mucous and bicarb which form a gel that titrates acid before it reaches the lumen
Where does ulceration occur most commonly in horses
Stratified squamous epithelium
What in particular is capable of breaking down the squamous epithelium
Short chain fat acids - produced in fermentation - damage Na+ transport activity in stratum germinativum
Bile salts - reflux from duodenum
Which statement is true regarding the stomach
a. Capacity of 5-15L
b. When completely full lays against the ventral abdomen
c. The pyloric segment lies to the left of midline
d. Topographically it’s most cranial component is the fundus
a. capacity of 5-15L
b. never touches ventral abdomen
c. The pyloric segment lies to the right of midline
d. Topographically it’s most caudal component is the fundus
Which statement is true regarding the stomach
a. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrosplenic ligament
b. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament
c. the greater omentum attaches along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament
d. the greater omentum attaches along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrosplenic ligament
b. the greater omentum attaches along the greater curvature of the stomach, and it blends into the gastrophrenic ligament
Which statement is true regarding the duodenum
a. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen.
b. the duodenum attaches to the right dorsal colon and the proximal descending colon by the duodenocolic fold
c. the bile and pancreatic ducts open within the caudal duodenal flexure, and enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
d. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the cranial duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen
a. At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen.
the duodenum attaches to the transverse colon and the proximal descending colon by the duodenocolic fold
the bile and pancreatic ducts open within the cranial duodenal flexure, and enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
At its most dorsal aspect, the duodenum forms the caudal duodenal flexure that runs across the base of the cecum and curves caudally around the root of the mesentery to reach the left side of the abdomen
List the regions of the stomach based on types of mucosal lining in order of orad to aborad
a. pyloric mucosa, non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa)
b. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), cardiac epithelium, pyloric mucosa
c. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, pyloric mucosa, gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa)
d. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), pyloric mucosa
d. non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac epithelium, proper gastric mucosa (glandular mucosa), pyloric mucosa
Parietal cells secrete what?
a. Pepsin
b. Pepsinogen
c. HCl
d. Histamine
c. HCl
pepsinogen is produced by zymogen cells and is later converted to pepsin
histamine is produced by enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells
Which statement is true
a. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing pepsinogen-secreting parietal cells and HCl secreting zymogen cells.
b. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing histamine-secreting parietal cells and pepsinogen- secreting zymogen cells.
c. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.
d. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies pepsinogen secretion by the parietal cells.
c. the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.
the proper gastric mucosa contains secretory glands containing HCl-secreting parietal cells and pepsinogen- secreting zymogen cells.
in addition, this segment of mucosa contains enterochromaffin-like (eCl) cells that secrete histamine in response to various stimuli, which in turn amplifies HCl secretion by the parietal cells.
Which statement is true
a. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.
b. the pyloric mucosa contains both zymogen cells, which secrete gastrin, and parietal cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.
c. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete histamine, and D-cells, which secrete pepsinogen. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.
d. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which are capable of secreting bicarbonate.
a. the pyloric mucosa contains both G-cells, which secrete gastrin, and D-cells, which secrete somatostatin. these hormones enhance or reduce gastric acid secretion, respectively.
Which statement is true
a. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium with solely absorptive functions.
b. the distal duodenal submucosa contains specialized Brunner glands.
c. Brunner glands in horses are comprised of serous tubuloacinar glands (as opposed to mucous and serous glands in other mammals, such as pigs and ruminants)
d. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium serving both secretory and absorptive functions.
d. the duodenal mucosa has a single layer of columnar epithelium serving both secretory and absorptive functions.
Which statement is true
a. Brunner glands contain factors that stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to elevate the pH of contents received from the stomach.
b. Brunner glands do not secrete bicarbonate
c. Brunner glands produce pepsinogen
d. Brunner glands are solely serous in Ruminants
a. Brunner glands contain factors that stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to elevate the pH of contents received from the stomach.
They are serous and mucous in horses but just mucous in ru
They secrete a little bicarb
What prostanoid is produced in the duodenum in response to changes in pH
the duodenal epithelium has the ability to sense changes in pH, resulting in the generation of mediators, particularly prostaglandin e2 (PGe2).
this prostanoid binds to epithelial receptors, which results in stimulation of bicarbonate secretion via epithelial anion channels, most prominently the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFtr).
What anion does the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFtr) produce in the jejunum and ileum
Chloride
Which of these statements is true
a. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a positive feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.
b. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete histamine in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.
c. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete histamine in equine mucosa, which serves as a positive feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.
d. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.
d. The cardiac epithelium forms a belt of tissue adjacent to the margo plicatus this mucosa has the ability to secrete somatostatin in equine mucosa, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism for gastric acid secretion.
Which secretory cells exists in the proper gastric mucosa and what do they produce
Parietal - HCl
Zymogen - Pepsinogen
Enterochromaffin-like (eCl) - Histamine
Which of these statements is true
a. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the gastric antrum
b. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of two phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum
c. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of two phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the gastric antrum
d. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum
d. the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum
the migrating myoelectric complex (mmC), which consists of three phases of myoelectrical activity, is initiated in the horse in the duodenum (compared with other species, where the mmC is initiated in the gastric antrum).
Which statement is true regarding stratified squamous mucosa
a. the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.
b. impermeability is one of several mechanisms of defense against injury in this type of mucosa.
c. the stratified squamous epithelium consists of four layers: the outer stratum corneum, the stratum spinosum, stratum transitionale and the basal stratum germinativum.
d. interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum germinativum and mucosubstances secreted by the stratum spinosum are mainly responsible for barrier function
a. the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.
the stratified squamous mucosa is exceptionally impermeable.
this is the only mechanism of defense against injury in this type of mucosa.
the stratified squamous epithelium consists of four layers: the outer stratum corneum, the stratum transitionale, the stratum spinosum, and the basal stratum germinativum.
interepithelial tight junctions in the stratum corneum and mucosubstances secreted by the stratum spinosum are mainly responsible for barrier function.
How is the proper gastric mucosa protected from back diffusion of H+
the gastric mucosa secretes both mucus and bicarbonate, which together form an HCO3−-containing gel that titrates acid before it reaches the lumen
high transepithelial electrical resistance 2000 - 3000ohms
Ulceration in horses most commonly involves which epithelium
Ulceration in horses most commonly involves the stratified squamous epithelium
