Ch.42 Overview of Upper Airway Function Flashcards
Which of the following statements is correct
a. At maximal exertion, Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses have a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of approximately 160mL/kg/min.
b. At maximal exertion, Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses have a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) which is 20 times the value at rest.
c. At maximal exertion, Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses have a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of approximately 40mL/kg/min.
d. At maximal exertion, Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses have a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) which is 10 times the value at rest.
a. At maximal exertion, Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses have a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of approximately 160mL/kg/min. which is 4o times the value at rest
Respiratory volume of horse at rest
67L/min
Respiratory volume of horse at exercise
1800L/min
Tidal volume of horse at rest and at exercise
5L
14 - 18L
Expiration:Inspiration ratio
0.96:0.99
Peak inspiratory flow at rest and at exercise
3.5L/sec
65-75L/sec
Peak inspiratory and expiratory tracheal pressure
-18 - -37mmHg
6 - 20mmHg
Venturi effect
Increase in flow such as air results in a pressure drop
Extrathoracic resistance to inspiration or expiration is higher
Inspiration - double that of expiration
Inspiratory and expiratory impedance
Insp 0.38-0.46 mmHg
Exp 0.16-0.38 mmHg
Where does the greatest drop in airway pressure occurs
Nostril
The cross section of the larynx is how much larger than that of the trachea
7%
What are the pressure receptors in the larynx innervated by
Internal branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve (runs through thyroid notch)
Negative pressure within the upper airway increases the activity of what mm
Genioglossus
Dorsal cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Nasolabial
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
When large collapsing pressures are produced in the upper airway - contract - resist dynamic collapse
What is the narrowest point of the upper respiratory tract
Nasal valve
Dilator mm of the external nares
M. dilator naris lateralis
M. transversus nasi
innervated by the facial nerve
How does Horner’s syndrome affect airflow
Disruption of the sympathetic trunk which interferes with the sympathetic tone of the capacitance vessels of the turbinate region resulting in vascular engorgement and occlusion of the nasal passage
Bones of the hyoid apparatus
Paired;
1. stylohyoid x2
2. ceratohyoid x2
3. Thyrohyoid. x2
and centred ;
basihyoid. x1
Rostral hyoid mm
- Hyoglossus
- Styloglossus
- Genioglossus
- Geniohyoideus
Innervated buy the hypoglossal n.
Attachments of rostral hyoid mm
Hyoglossus - Basi & Thyro
Styloglossus - Stylohyoid
Genioglossus - Basi & Cerato
Geniohyoideus - Ling process of basi
Action of the thyrohyoideus m
Innervated by the hypoglossal n
Draws larynx rostrally and dorsally
Draws root of tongue caudally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones
Action of the Genioglossus and geniohyoideus mm
Pull larynx rostrally and ventrally
Action of the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus mm
Pull larynx caudaoventrally
What m supports the dorsal pharyngeal wall
Stylopharyngeus mm
Contraction of the Stylopharyngeus mm results in what
Raises the wall of the dorsal nasopharynx expanding, supporting and preventing its collapse
Which of the following statements is correct
a. To provide an increase in VO2max minute ventilation, respiratory frequency increases significantly whilst tidal volume stays the same
b.The high airflow rates required to meet the racehorse’s ventilatory demand are created by diaphragmatic contraction, which produces strong negative airway pressures within the upper airway.
c. The high airflow rates required to meet the racehorse’s ventilatory demand are created by diaphragmatic contraction, which produces strong positive airway pressures within the upper airway.
d. To provide an increase in VO2max minute ventilation, tidal volume significantly increases whilst respiratory frequency stays the same
b.The high airflow rates required to meet the racehorse’s ventilatory demand are created by diaphragmatic contraction, which produces strong negative airway pressures within the upper airway.
To provide an increase in minute ventilation, tidal volume and respiratory frequency both increase significantly.
Which of the following statements is correct
a. At a walk and trot, respiratory frequency is related to stride frequency
b. locomotory forces are the primary determinants of breathing during exercise
c. Respiratory minute volume (VE) in horses is approximately 27 L/ min at rest, rising 67-fold to 1800 L/min at exercise
d. At low speeds of up to 6m/s respiratory frequency rises from 14breaths per minute to 120breaths per minute
d. At low speeds respiratory frequency rises from 14breaths per minute to 120breaths per minute
At a walk and trot, respiratory frequency is not related to stride frequency
locomotory forces are not the primary determinants of breathing during exercise
Respiratory minute volume (VE) in horses is approximately 67 L/ min at rest, rising 27-fold to 1800 L/min at exercise
Which of the following statements is correct
a. VT is approximately 5 L at rest and it increases to 30 to 40 L at maximal exercise
b. Peak inspiratory flow at rest is approximately 10 L/s and this rises dramatically at exercise to 100 L/s
c. Peak inspiratory tracheal pressure has been reported as −18 to −37 mm Hg for clinically normal horses at maximal exercise
d. Peak expiratory tracheal pressure has been reported as -6 to -20 mm Hg for clinically normal horses at maximal exercise
c. Peak inspiratory tracheal pressure has been reported as −18 to −37 mm Hg for clinically normal horses at maximal exercise
VT is approximately 5 L at rest and it increases to 14 to 18 L at maximal exercise
Peak inspiratory flow at rest is approximately 3.5 L/s and this rises dramatically at exercise to 65 to 75 L/s
Peak expiratory tracheal pressure has been reported as 6 to 20 mm Hg for clinically normal horses at maximal exercise
Which of the following statements is correct
a. A localized rise in airway pressure occurs over the vocal cords and contralateral aryepiglottic fold in the presence of partial arytenoid abduction
b. Up to 80% of resistance to airflow is produced by the extra- thoracic equine airway both at rest and during exercise.
c. The larynx (26%–76%), followed by the nasal passages(12%–30%), produce the greatest resistance to flow within the upper airway
d. High tracheal flow rates and the complex geometry of the upper respiratory tract mean that tracheal flow in the horse is always laminar
b. Up to 80% of resistance to airflow is produced by the extra- thoracic equine airway both at rest and during exercise.
A localized drop in airway pressure occurs over the vocal cords and contralateral aryepiglottic fold in the presence of partial arytenoid abduction
The nasal passages (26%–76%), followed by the larynx (12%–30%), produce the greatest resistance to flow within the upper airway
High tracheal flow rates and the complex geometry of the upper respiratory tract mean that tracheal flow in the horse is always turbulent
Which of the following statements is true regarding the upper airway
a. the cross-sectional area of the larynx is approximately 7% smaller than the trachea
b. flexed head and neck position significantly decreases ZI (inspiratory impedence)
c. greatest drops in airway pressure occur at the larynx
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
a. the cross-sectional area of the larynx is approximately 7% greater than the trachea
b. flexed head and neck position significantly increases ZI
c. greatest drops in airway pressure occur at the nostril
Which of the following statements is correct
a. During exercise, the sympathetic tone increases, capacitance vessels are constricted, and the airway diameter is increased
b. During exercise, the sympathetic tone increases, capacitance vessels are dilated, and the airway diameter is increased
c. Injury to the sympathetic trunk innervating the nasal turbinate region (e.g., in Horner syndrome) can cause complete nasal occlusion of the opposite side
d. Injury to the parasympathetic trunk innervating this region (e.g., in Horner syndrome) can cause complete nasal occlusion of the affected side.
a. During exercise, the sympathetic tone increases, capacitance vessels are constricted, and the airway diameter is increased
Injury to the sympathetic trunk innervating this region (e.g., in Horner syndrome) can cause complete nasal occlusion of the affected side.
Which of the following statements is correct
a. styloglossus attaches to the basihyoid and thyrohyoid bones and is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
b. styloglossus attaches to the stylohyoid bone and the ceratohyoid bone and is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
c. genioglossus attaches to the basihyoid and ceratohyoid bones and is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
d. geniohyoideus attaches to the lingual process of the basihyoid bone and is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
c. genioglossus attaches to the basihyoid and ceratohyoid bones and is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
hyoglossus - basihyoid and thyrohyoid bones
styloglossus - stylohyoid bone
genioglossus - basihyoid and ceratohyoid bones
geniohyoideus - lingual process of the basihyoid bone
Which of the following statements is correct
a. The rostral hyoid muscles Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Geniohyoideus are innervated by the hyoglossal nerve
b. The rostral hyoid muscles Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Geniohyoideus are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
c. The rostral hyoid muscles Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Geniothyroideus are innervated by the hyoglossal nerve
d. The rostral hyoid muscles Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Geniothyroideus are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
b. The rostral hyoid muscles Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Geniohyoideus are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Which of the following statements is correct
a. The hypoglossal nerve innervates the thyrohyoideus muscle, which draws the larynx rostrally and dorsally and the root of the tongue caudally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones
b. The hypoglossal nerve also innervates the thyrohyoideus muscle, which draws the larynx rostrally and ventrally and the root of the tongue caudally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones
c. The hypoglossal nerve also innervates the thyrohyoideus muscle, which draws the larynx rostrally and dorsally and the root of the tongue rostrally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones
d. The hypoglossal nerve also innervates the thyrohyoideus muscle, which draws the larynx rostrally and dorsally and the root of the tongue caudally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid bones
a. The hypoglossal nerve innervates the thyrohyoideus muscle, which draws the larynx rostrally and dorsally and the root of the tongue caudally by its attachments to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones
Which of the following statements is correct
a. The tongue is attached to the hyoid bone via the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles
b. The geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles pull caudally and ventrally
c. The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles pull in a caudal dorsal direction
d. None of the above
a. The tongue is attached to the hyoid bone via the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles
Which of the following statements is correct
a. Muscles controlling the position of the pharynx are the dorsal cricoarytenoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.
b. Muscles controlling the position of the hyoid apparatus are the dorsal cricoarytenoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.
c. Muscles controlling the position of the hyoid apparatus are the dorsal cricoarytenoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, sternothyroid and stylohyoid.
d. Muscles controlling the position of the pharynx are the dorsal cricoarytenoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, sternothyroid and stylohyoid.
b. Muscles controlling the position of the hyoid apparatus are the dorsal cricoarytenoid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.
Which of the following statements is correct
a. During DDSP expiratory tracheal pressure increases
b. During DDSP expiratory pharyngeal pressure increases
c. During DDSP expiratory tracheal pressure decreases
d. DDSP does not affect expiratory pressure
a. During DDSP expiratory tracheal pressure increases
During DDSP expiratory pharyngeal pressure decreases
Contraction of the stylopharyngeus muscles raises the wall of the dorsal nasopharynx
Contraction of the stylopharyngeus muscles raises the wall of the dorsal nasopharynx
