Ch.32 Spleen and Liver Flashcards
What is the facies intestinal on contact with
- Descending colon
- Left portions of ascending colon
- Small intestine
What is the spleen suspended by
- Phrenicosplenic lig
- Nephrosplenic lig (left diaphragm &
left kidney) - Att to stomach by gastrosplenic lig at
hilus
Weight of average spleen
0.5 - 3.5 kg
bigger in racing breeds smaller in drafts
Size of spleen
40-70cm long
20-25cm wide
Aa supply to spleen
Splenic a branch of celiac a
also has short gastric br which supply greater curvature
V drainage of spleen
Splenic v -> Portal
Innervation of spleen
Splenic plexus off of celiac plexus
sympathetic fibres from major splanchnic nerve
parasympathetic fibres from vagus nerve
What is the capsule of the spleen composed of
Collagen
Elastin
Smooth muscle cells
What does the red pulp in the spleen of the horse lack compared to other sp. What does the red pulp contain
venous sinuses
consists of arterial capillaries
pulp veins
axon bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
What is the white pulp of the spleen.
Grey foci scattered through the red pulp
Surrounded by a retinaculum
Lymphatic tissue of the spleen
Made up of:
Lymphocytes
antigen presenting cells and macrophages
supported by branched fibroblasts and their matrix proteins the reticular matrix
What % of circulating erythrocytes can the spleen store
50%
Administration of phenylephrine reduces spleen mass by
83%
Administration of epinephrine reduces spleen mass by
68%
What immune cells are produced in the spleen
IgM
B cells
Immunocompetent lymphocytes
Location of the liver
6th IC left to
15th IC right
Size and weight of liver
1.5% of body weight
largest organ in the body
5-10kg
Lobulation of liver
5 lobes
- Right lobe = undivided, largest, 1/2 of
total mass
6th IC space to base of cecum - Left medial
- Left lateral - separated by fissure,
dorsal oesophageal notch - Quadrate - multilobulated,
separated from left medial by round
ligament - Caudate - medial to right liver lobe,
impression for right kidney,
notch on ventral free border
What ligaments suspend the liver
- Right triangular - dorsal right liver
lobe to right costal diaphragm - Hepatorenal - Cranial poll of right
kidney - right lobe - Left triangular lig - dorsal left lateral
lobe to tendinous centre of
diaphragm - Coronary lig - diaphragm to visceral
surface, inferior vena cava,
oesophagus - Falciform lig - Diaphragm & ventral
abdominal wall to quadrate and left
medial lobes
Origin of falciform and round ligs
Falciform - coronary lig is continuation
of left and right triangular
ligs - separates into two
laminae which meet below
the inferior vena cava as the
falciform
Round - Remanent of umbilical vein -
located in free border of
falciform lig
Boundaries of the epipiloic foramen
Dorsocranial Caudate lobe
Ventrally Portal vein , hepatic artery
Caudally Right lobe of pancreas
Dorsally Inferior vena cava
Attachments of lesser omentum to liver
Hepatogastric
Hepatoduodenal
Liver I covered in an external serial coat except where
Attachment of pancreas and portal fissure where it reflects on itself to form the lesser omentum
What are the sinusoids lined with
Kupffer cells
Endothelial cells
Comprise the reticuloendothelial system
Space of Disse separates what
Hepatocytes and cells lining cords
Portal vein and artery empty into where
Hepatic sinusoids
Venous flow of liver
Portal v ->sinusoids ->sub lobular veins ->hepatic veins -> inf vena cava
Innervation of liver
Hepatic plexus branches from vagus and sympathetic nerves
Liver role in fat metabolism
- Oxidation of fatty acids for energy
- Synthesis of cholesterol,
phospholipids and lipoproteins - DeNovo synthesis of fat from protein
and carbohydrates4. Production of bile
Liver’s role in protein metabolism
- Deamination of amino acids for
energy - Formation of urea from ammonia
- Production of plasma proteins
transport and acute phase
Liver produces what factors for coagulation
- Fibrinogen
- Factors 2,5,7-13
- Protein C
- Plasminogen
- Plasminogen activation factor
Proteins only produced in liver
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Liver stores what vitamins and minerals
A, D, B12
Iron as ferritin complexed with apoferritin
Which statement is true
a. The splenic capsule contains many muscle cells
b. The splenic artery, a branch of the cranial mesenteric artery, runs within the groove of the hilus and branches at intervals to supply the spleen and short gastric arteries that nourish the greater curvature of the stomach
c. The splenic artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta, runs within the groove of the hilus and branches at intervals to supply the spleen and short gastric arteries that nourish the greater curvature of the stomach
d. Unlike the ruminant the capsule of the equine spleen is devoid of smooth muscle cells
a. The splenic capsule contains many muscle cells
The splenic artery, a branch of the celiac artery, runs within the groove of the hilus and branches at intervals to supply the spleen and short gastric arteries that nourish the greater curvature of the stomach
Which statement is true regarding the spleen
a. The red pulp contains deep efferent lymphatic vessels, is distributed along the course of the arterial vessels, and is nearly as abundant as the white pulp.
b. The white pulp contains deep afferent lymphatic vessels, is distributed along the course of the arterial vessels, and is nearly as abundant as the red pulp.
c. The white pulp contains deep efferent lymphatic vessels, is distributed along the course of the arterial vessels, and less than 25% as abundant as the red pulp.
d. The white pulp contains deep efferent lymphatic vessels, is distributed along the course of the arterial vessels, and is nearly as abundant as the red pulp.
d. The white pulp contains deep efferent lymphatic vessels, is distributed along the course of the arterial vessels, and is nearly as abundant as the red pulp.
Which of these statements is true regarding the equine spleen
a. The red pulp in the horse lacks venous sinuses and consists of arterial capillaries, pulp veins, and an axon-bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
b. The red pulp in the horse is abundant in venous sinuses and consists of arterial capillaries, pulp veins, and an axon-bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
c. The white pulp in the horse lacks venous sinuses and consists of arterial capillaries, pulp veins, and an axon-bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
d. The white pulp in the horse is abundant venous sinuses and consists of arterial capillaries, pulp veins, and an axon-bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
a. The red pulp in the horse lacks venous sinuses and consists of arterial capillaries, pulp veins, and an axon-bearing reticular meshwork filled with macrophages and blood
Which statement is true
a. Phenylephrine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist
b. Phenylephrine is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist
c. Phenylephrine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist
d. Phenylephrine is an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist
c. Phenylephrine is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist
Which of these statements is correct
a. epinephrine has been reported to transiently reduce splenic length by approximately 68% when administered as a bolus
b. phenylephrine has been reported to transiently reduce splenic length by approximately 68% when administered as a bolus
c. epinephrine has been reported to transiently reduce splenic length by approximately 83% when administered as a bolus
d. dobutamine has been reported to transiently reduce splenic length by approximately 75% when administered as a bolus
a. epinephrine has also been reported to transiently reduce splenic length by approximately 68% when administered as a bolus
Phenylephrine (an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist) administration has been reported to cause a transient, dose-dependent splenic contraction of up to 83% of the original splenic mass.
In regards to the equine liver which of these statements is correct
a. The right liver lobe is separated into the right medial and right lateral lobes by a superficial fissure and contains a dorsal esophageal notch.
b. The caudate lobe lies medial to the left liver lobe and has a distinct impression for the left kidney on its visceral surface as well as a notch at the ventral free border.
c. The quadrate lobe is multilobulated, lying to the right of midline and separated from the right medial lobe by the transverse colon.
d. The visceral surface of the liver comes into contact with the right kidney, stomach, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, and ascending colon.
d. The visceral surface of the liver comes into contact with the right kidney, stomach, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, and ascending colon.
The left liver lobe is separated into the left medial and left lateral lobes by a superficial fissure and contains a dorsal esophageal notch.
The caudate lobe lies medial to the right liver lobe and has a distinct impression for the right kidney on its visceral surface as well as a notch at the ventral free border.
The quadrate lobe is multilobulated, lying to the right of midline and separated from the left medial lobe by the round ligament.
In regards to the equine liver which of these statements is correct
a. The coronary ligament attaches cranioventrally on the left side of the costal portion of the diaphragm and connects to the visceral surface of the liver, inferior vena cava and esophagus.
b. The coronary ligament separates into two laminae that meet below the inferior vena cava as the falciform ligament
c. The coronary ligament separates into two laminae that meet below the inferior vena cava as the broad ligament
d. The coronary ligament attaches on the tendinous centre of the diaphragm and connects to the visceral surface of the liver, inferior vena cava and esophagus.
b. The coronary ligament separates into two laminae that meet below the inferior vena cava as the falciform ligament
The coronary ligament attaches cranioventrally on the right side of the costal portion of the diaphragm and connects to the visceral surface of the liver, inferior vena cava and esophagus.
In regards to the equine liver, which of these statements is correct
a. Both the portal vein and hepatic artery divide into interlobular branches that run in the portal canals and eventually empty into the hepatic sinusoids.
b. Only the portal vein empties into the hepatic sinusoids
c. Only the hepatic artery empties into the hepatic sinusoids
d. Neither the hepatic artery nor portal vein empty into the sinusoids as it functions for lymphatic drainage
a.Both the portal vein and hepatic artery divide into interlobular branches that run in the portal canals and eventually empty into the hepatic sinusoids.
Which statement is true regarding the equine liver?
a. Stores vitamins A, B12, C and D
b. Produces coagulation factors II, V, VII and XIII
c. It is the sole site of production of albumin and fibrinogen
d. The liver has several important functions including storage of erythrocytes, plasma, and platelets, removal of aged or damaged erythrocytes and platelets, hematopoiesis during fetal development, iron recycling, and immunologic functions
c. It is the sole site of production of albumin and fibrinogen
Stores vits A, B12 and D
Coag factors II, V, VII - XIII
The functions of the liver include filtration and storage of blood; metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and hormones; formation of bile; storage of vitamins and iron; metabolism of foreign chemicals; and formation of coagulation factors
In regards to the equine liver which of these statements is correct
a. due to the lack of gallbladder, enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is inefficient, and minimal quantities entering the small intestine are reabsorbed and transported back to the liver by the portal circulation
b. enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is highly efficient, and most entering the small intestine are reabsorbed and transported back to the liver by the portal circulation
c. The majority of bilirubin in normal equine plasma is conjugated
d.The majority of bilirubin in normal equine plasma is unconjugated and is strongly effected by fasting
b. enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is highly efficient, and most entering the small intestine are reabsorbed and transported back to the liver by the portal circulation
