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BRAIN BATTACK > CH04: Movement and Posture > Flashcards

CH04: Movement and Posture Flashcards

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1
Q

caudate nucleus + putamen

A

STRIATIUM

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2
Q

main receptive part of the basal ganglia

A

PUTAMEN

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3
Q

(2) output nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

MEDIAL PALLIDUM + PARS RETICULATA

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4
Q

sample of drug that can induce Parkinsonism

A

Phenotiazine

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5
Q

most pervasive role neurotransmitter but can act as excitatory or inhibitory

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

areas with richest dopamine

A

(1) Cell bodies of Pars Compacta (2) Termination fibers in Striatum

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7
Q

Location D1 and D2 receptors

A

STRIATIUM

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8
Q

Location D3 receptor

A

Nucleus accumbens

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9
Q

Location D4 receptor

A

Frontal cortex, limbic structures

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10
Q

Location D5 receptor

A

Hippocampus and limbic system

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11
Q

D1- like class

A

D1 and D5 subtypes

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12
Q

D2- like class

A

D2, D3, D4

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13
Q

Intermediate precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier

A

L- Dopa

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14
Q

Addition of this enzyme in the catabolism of Dopamine

A

dopadecarboxulase

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15
Q

Why add LDopa and CDopa

A

Minimize the systemic side effects

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16
Q

(T/F) Psychological stress and anxiety worsen the abnormal movements in the EPS

A

TRUE

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17
Q

tendency for the voluntary movement to adopt the frequency of a coexistent tremor

A

Entrainment

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18
Q

A gentle push on the sternum or tug on the shoulders may cause a fall or start a series of small corrective septs that the patient cannot control

A

Festination

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19
Q

Rhythmically interrupted, ratchet- like resistance

A

Cogwheel phenomenon

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20
Q

Unable to relax a group of muscles on request

A

Paratonia

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21
Q

Encompasses all the active movement phenomena that are a consequence of disease of the basal ganglia, implying an element of dystonia

A

Dyskinesia

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22
Q

Chorea and myoclonus differ in what aspect

A

Myoclonic jerks is much faster and may involve single muscles

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23
Q

Chorea after Streptococcal infection

A

Syndenham chorea

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24
Q

(2) Paraneoplastic chorea antibodies

A

anti- CRMP, anti- Hu

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25
Q

involuntary movements involve proximal limb muscles and are of wide range and flinging ni the nature

A

Hemiballismus

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26
Q

Term stems from Greek word “unfixed”

A

Athetosis

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27
Q

Idiopathic dystonia responding to extremely small doses of L- dopa

A

Segawa Disease

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28
Q

A characteristic, almost diagnostic, example of the acute drug- induced dystonias

A

Retrocolis

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29
Q

Give (3) drugs that can induce dystonias

A

L- Dopa, CCB, AEDs

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30
Q

Surgery in these structures yielded positive but unpredictable results in dystonia

A

Pallidum, ventrolateral thalamus

31
Q

Numerous brief attacks of dystonia or CA provoked by sudden movement, startle, hyperventilation

A

Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis

32
Q

Treatment for paroxysmal kinesigenic choreothetosis

A

Phenytoin and Carbamazepine

33
Q

Precipitated by ingestion of alcohol or coffee or fatuge

A

Second’ nonkinesigenic choreoathetosis

34
Q

Treatment for nonkinesigenic choreoathetosis

A

Benzodiazepine

35
Q

Third type of paroxysmal choreoathetosis precipitated by prolonged exercise

A

Mount- Reback type VARIANT

36
Q

Treatment for Mount- Reback type VARIANT paroxysmal choreoathetosis

A

Acetazolamide

37
Q

involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement produced by alternating or irregularly synchronous contractions

A

Tremor

38
Q

Tremor vs other involuntary movement distinguishing factor

A

Rhythmicity

39
Q

Tremor vs myocolonus and asterixis

A

Oscillatory nature

40
Q

Frequency of tremors

A

8- 13 Hz

41
Q

Commonest type of tremor

A

Essential (Familial) Tremor

42
Q

Essential tremor of non- alternate beat type can be supressed by this in 75% of cases

A

Alcohol

43
Q

Antibody associated with tremor of polyneuropathy

A

Anti- MAG

44
Q

coarse, rhythmic tremor with a frequency of 3-5 Hz characterized by bursts of activity that alternate between opposing muscle groups

A

Parkinsonian Tremor

45
Q

ratchet- like interruption perceived by the examiner on passive movement of an extremity

A

Negro sign

46
Q

sign when patient engages the opposite limb tracing circles in the air

A

Froment sign

47
Q

constant frequency, variable amplitude

A

Parkinsonian Tremor

48
Q

meperidine analogue that destroys neurons of the substantia niagri pars compacta (p. 96)

A

MPTP

49
Q

wide- ranging, rhythmic 2- 5 Hz “wing beating tremor” (p. 97)

A

Rubral tremor

50
Q

strong familial episodic trmor disorder of the chin and lower lip that begins in childhood and may worsen with age (p. 97)

A

Geniospasm

51
Q

chromosome involved with the mutation that causes geniospasm

A

Chromosome 9

52
Q

Tremor occuring during quiet standing and its cessation almsot immediately on walking (p. 97)

A

Orthostatic tremor

53
Q

Loading the limb exaggerates this tremor (p. 98)

A

Psychogenic and tremor by polyneuropathy

54
Q

arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture that allow gravity of the inherent elastocotu of muscles produce a sudden movement which the patient corrects (p. 99)

A

Asterixis

55
Q

sharp wave, probably generated in the motor cortex, immediately preceding a period of EMG silence (p. 99)

A

Asterixis

56
Q

rapid, shock-like contractions of group of muscles, irregular in rhythmn and amplitude (p. 99)

A

Myoclonus

57
Q

myoclonus associated with atypical petit mal and akinetic seizure (p. 101)

A

Lennox- Gastaut Syndrome

58
Q

stimulus sensitive (reflex) myoclonus autosomal recessive disease (p. 101)

A

Lafora- body disease

59
Q

myoclonus disease asociated with loss of Purkinje cells but NO inclusion bodies (p. 101)

A

Baltic variety of myoclonic epilepsy

60
Q

give (3) drugs taht can cuase myoclonus (p. 101)

A

Haloperidol, lithium, amphatemines

61
Q

T/F Action myoclonus is almost always associated with cerebellar ataxia (p. 102)

A

TRUE

62
Q

repeated stimuli may recruit a series of incremental myoclonic jerks that culminate in a generalized convulsion (p. 102)

A

Unverricht- Lundberg Syndrome

63
Q

most common mutation in startle syndromes (p. 103)

A

1- subunit of GLRA1

64
Q

act of flexing the neck and bringing hte arms close to teh torso decring the intensity of attackes of Startle syndromes (p. 103)

A

Vigevano maneuver

65
Q

gene associated with generalized torsion dystonia (p. 104)

A

DYT-1 mutation

66
Q

most frequent form of restricted dystonia (p. 104)

A

Torticolis

67
Q

percent of tortiolis with oral, mandibular or hand dystonia (p. 106)

A

15%

68
Q

percent of torticolis with blepharospasm (p. 106)

A

10%

69
Q

percent of torticolis with no relief with Botox injection (p. 106)

A

10%

70
Q

Blepharospasm with forceful opening of the jaw, retraction of the lips, spasms of the plastysma, protrusion of tongue (p. 107)

A

Meige syndrome

71
Q

treatment for tardive dyskinesia (p. 109)

A

Reserpine and Tetrabenazine

72
Q

main identifying features of tics and habit spasm (p. 109)

A

Stereotypy and irresistibility

73
Q

inner feeling of restlessness, inability to sit still, compulsion to move about (p. 111)

A

Akithisia

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