Ch. 9 Vitamins

Question 1

fat soluble vitamins are…

Answer 1

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 2

fat soluble vitamins require ____ and ____ for absorption

Answer 2

bile, dietary fat

Question 3

where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed into? via what?

Answer 3

the lymphatic system, chylomicrons

Question 4

fat soluble vitamins (can/cannot) be stored in body fat so intakes (can/cannot) vary without risk of deficiency

Answer 4

can, can

Question 5

because fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fat, they are ______

Answer 5

not easily excreted

Question 6

vitamin A is either found in _____ or _______

Answer 6

preformed (animal foods/supplements)

or precursor form (plant foods)

Question 7

preformed vitamin A compounds are known as…

Answer 7

retinoids

Question 8

plants contain precursors to vitamin A called…

Answer 8

carotenoids

Question 9

vitamin A plays a role in…

Answer 9

• night vision
• cell differentiation
• growth regulation

Question 10

vitamin A sources (top 3)

Answer 10

beef liver, carrots, cooked mustard greens

Question 11

in terms of night vision, deficiency of vitamin A causes ________ to be delayed.

Answer 11

rhodopsin regeneration

Question 12

when vitamin A status is normal, vitamin A from the blood replaces any ______ from the cycle

Answer 12

retinal lost

Question 13

normal vitamin A status can lead to _____ while vitamin A deficiency can lead to _____

Answer 13

mucus that is moist/lubricating, keratin that is hard/dry

Question 14

__________ can be toxic if taken in high amounts

Answer 14

preformed vitamin A

Question 15

vitamin D is also known as _____

Answer 15

cholecalciferol

Question 16

vitamin D (is/is not) toxic at high levels

Answer 16

is

Question 17

there is ______ on the categories of food that can be fortified with vitamin D

Answer 17

strict limitation

Question 18

vitamin D is important for…

Answer 18

• bone health
• normal parathyroid gland function
• immune system

Question 19

dietary sources of vitamin D (top 3)

Answer 19

salmon*, milk, eggs

Question 20

the body (can/cannot) make vitamin D

Answer 20

can (through UV light activation occurring in skin)

Question 21

vitamin D deficiency in children

Answer 21

Rickets

Question 22

vitamin D deficiency in adults

Answer 22

osteomalacia

Question 23

Oversupplementation of vitamin D can result in ______ calcium concentrations, depositing of
calcium in ______ and kidneys, and _______

Answer 23

high

blood and urine, blood vessels, CVD, death

Question 24

vitamin E is also known as

Answer 24

tocopherol

Question 25

the form of vitamin E absorbed by the human body

Answer 25

alpha-tocopherol

Question 26

vitamin E absorption depends on _______

Answer 26

normal fat absorption

Question 27

vitamin E deficiency in newborns might result in ______

Answer 27

hemolytic anemia

Question 28

sources of vitamin E (top 3)

Answer 28

sunflower seeds, almonds, soybean oil

Question 29

vitamin E is known for its…

Answer 29

antioxidant function

Question 30

in antioxidant function, vitamin E ______ and ______

Answer 30

donates one e- to free radicals (neutralize), takes an e- from vitamin C

Question 31

vitamin K in plants is called…

Answer 31

phylloquinone

Question 32

vitamin K in fish oil and meats/synthesized by bacteria is called…

Answer 32

menaquinones

Question 33

_______ is a major symptom of vitamin K deficiency

Answer 33

abnormal blood coagulation

Question 34

vitamin K deficiency is (rare/common) in the US

Answer 34

rare

Question 35

dietary sources of vitamin K (top 3)

Answer 35

cooked mustard greens, cooked brussels sprouts, kiwi

Question 36

series of reactions involving ______, several of which require vitamin K for formation

Answer 36

clotting factors

Question 37

who needs supplementation?

Answer 37

• dieters
• vegans
• infants/children
• young women/pregnant women
• older adults
• individuals with dark skin pigmentations
• those w restricted diets
• people taking medications
• cigarette smokers/alcohol users