Ch. 12 Trace Minerals Flashcards
trace minerals include _____
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum
trace minerals are needed in this amount ______
less than 20mg/day
trace minerals are _____ because they are _____
difficult to study, difficult to remove from diet
what is a concern for trace minerals?
rate of bioavailability
____ is the iron-containing compound in the blood
hemoglobin
___ is from animal products
___ is from plant AND animal, products/iron cookware
heme iron, non-heme iron
(heme/nonheme) iron is more efficiently absorbed
heme iron
where is iron from diet absorbed?
into the intestinal mucosal cells
top 3 iron sources (diet)
lentils, cooked spinach, sunflower seeds/whole-wheat bread
how is heme iron absorbed?
as part of the heme group
how is nonheme iron absorbed?
in the ferrous form (dietary factors may enhance/inhibit)
excess iron is stored primarily in the ____, bound to ____
liver, ferritin
the major iron storage protein
ferritin
an iron transport protein in the blood
transferrin
an insoluble iron storage compound produced by the body when iron exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin
hemosiderin
two oxygen-containing proteins, ____ and ___, contain iron
hemoglobin and myoglobin
most of the iron in the body is part of _____
hemoglobin
between iron in RBC, iron stores, and iron in plasma, how does iron deficiency progress?
iron stores (all) –> iron in plasma (~90%) –> iron in RBC
when iron is deficient, _____ cannot be stored
hemoglobin
iron-deficiency anemia is when there is insufficient ______, and RBC are ____ and _____ and unable to deliver sufficient oxygen to tissues
hemoglobin, microcytic, hypochromic
it is estimated that around __% of the world’s population may be iron deficient and __% suffer from iron deficiency anemia
80%, 30%
UL for iron intake
45mg/day from all sources
iron poisoning can cause…
- intestinal lining damage
- body pH abnormalities
- shock
- liver failure
the most common form of iron overload
hemochromatosis
iron overload can happen _____ and accumulates in tissues such as ____
over time, heart/liver
zinc is essential for ______
growth and development
which is better for getting zinc: animal or plant sources?
animal sources
zinc can be bound to ____
phytates
zinc is the most abundant ____ trace element
intracellular
zinc is involved in the functioning of over 300 enzymes, including ______
superoxide dismutase
superoxide dismutase is important for what?
protecting cells from free radical damage
dietary sources of zinc (top 3)
beef, crab, lentils
____ helps regulate zinc intake
metallothionein
___ may be important in helping to prevent certain types of anemia
copper
richest dietary source of copper: _____
organ meat
____ can decrease the bioavailability of copper. how?
zinc. metallothioein preferentially binds to copper, limiting its absorption
best source of manganese
whole grains, nuts
manganese, like copper and zinc, is needed for the activity of a form of _______
superoxide dismutase
maganese is a constituent of _____
some enzymes, activator of other enzymes
the selenium content of plant foods are depends on the ____________
selenium content of the soil in which they are grown
symptoms of selenium deficiency
muscular discomfort, weakness; also can lead to Keshan disease (affects heart muscle)
top 3 selenium sources (diet)
crab, salmon, spaghetti
selenium helps in ________ which neutralizes _____ (no _____ formation)
glutathione peroxidase, peroxides, no free radical
iodine content of food depends on ___________
the soil where plants are grown or where animals graze
soil near the higher is (lower/higher) in iodine than soil inland
higher
“natural” sea salt may be very (low/high) in iodine
low
most of iodine in high comes from…
iodized (fortified) salt
more than half of the iodine in the body is found in the _______. iodine is an important component of this: ____-
thyroid gland, thyroxine
why is iodine important in thyroxine?
it needs 4 iodine units
consuming diets high in _______, such as cabbage/cassava/millet, limits bioavailability of iodine
goitrogens
iodine deficiency may result in hereditary _____
cretinism
iodine UL for adults
1100 micrograms/day
dietary sources of chromium
brewer’s years, liver, nuts, and whole grains
what is chromium involved in?
carbohydrate/lipid metabolism
cooking in _______ can increase chromium content
stainless steel
______ is important for dental health; present in ______
dental health; almost all soil/water/plants/animals
common sources of fluoride
- fluoridated water
- tea
- canned sardines/salmon
too much fluoride (_____mg/day or greater in children) causes _____
2-8mg/day, fluorosis
iron loss (is/is not) regulated
is not
inborn error of metabolism, most common overload of iron
hemochromatosis
zinc goes into the intestinal mucosal cell via…
ZIP4 transporter
cytosolic superoxide dismutase contains…
copper AND zinc
Manganese toxicity impacts the…
CNS
