Ch. 7 Energy Balance/Weight Management

Question 1

the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

Answer 1

energy balance

Question 2

when calories consumed matches the amount of energy expended

Answer 2

energy equilibrium

Question 3

energy intake exceeds energy expenditure and results in weight gain

Answer 3

positive energy balance

Question 4

energy intake is less than energy expenditure and weight loss occurs

Answer 4

negative energy balance

Question 5

basal metabolism = minimum energy expended to keep a
________ alive in a warm,
quiet environment

Answer 5

fasted, resting, awake body

Question 6

basal metabolism (BMR) is _____% of total energy expenditure

Answer 6

60-70%

Question 7

if a person is not fasting or rested, the _______ is used

Answer 7

resting metabolism (RMR)

Question 8

factors that affect basal metabolism

Answer 8

muscle mass, body surface area, gender, temperature, thyroid hormones, life stage

Question 9

physical activity increases energy expenditure above basal needs by ____% (most variable component)

Answer 9

25-40%

Question 10

Energy used to digest, absorb,
transport, store, and metabolize
nutrients

Answer 10

thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 11

thermic effect of food accounts for _____, influenced by food composition
protein =
carbohydrates =
fats =

Answer 11

5-10% of energy
P = 20-30%
C = 5-10%
F = 0-3%

Question 12

larger meals have a (lower/higher) TEF

Answer 12

higher

Question 13

process of heat production

Answer 13

thermogenesis

Question 14

thermogenesis is a ___ contribution to total energy expenditure; produced when body expends energy for ____

Answer 14

small contribution, non-voluntary physical activity

Question 15

thermogenesis is triggered by ___; examples include ___

Answer 15

• extreme cold, overfeeding, trauma, etc.

- fidgeting, shivering, maintaining muscle tone, holding body upright

Question 16

brown adipose tissue is _______ that participates in ____

Answer 16

specialized fat tissue, thermogenesis

Question 17

brown adipose tissue contains a large number of ___ and ____; found in ____

Answer 17

capillaries and mitochondria; infants and hibernating animals

Question 18

Physiological drive to find and eat food

Answer 18

hunger

Question 19

psychological drive to eat

Answer 19

appetite

Question 20

feeling fed/fulfilled; elicited by _______/___/___

Answer 20

satiety; sensory aspects of food/chewing/feeling food in stomach/knowing that we’ve eaten

Question 21

true/false: we can override internal regulations of eatings

Answer 21

true

Question 22

____ regulates satiety

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

___ stimulates food intake

Answer 23

ghrelin

Question 24

____ decreases food intake

Answer 24

leptin

Question 25

where is ghrelin produced? when is it released?

Answer 25

stomach; when you haven't eaten

Question 26

where is leptin produced?

Answer 26

adipose tissue

Question 27

overweight BMI

Answer 27

25-29.9 kg/m2

Question 28

obesity BMI

Answer 28

30 kg/m2 or greater

Question 29

bomb calorimeter = " _______" equals _ kcal

Answer 29

an increase of 1C of 1kg of water equals 1 kcal

Question 30

science behind a bomb calorimeter = energy released by ______ causes a change in _____

Answer 30

burning food, water temperature

Question 31

biggest to smallest energy output

Answer 31

basal metabolism physical activity thermic effect of food (TEF) thermogenesis

Question 32

RMR is about __% (higher/lower) than BMR

Answer 32

6%

Question 33

what organ uses the most BMR/RMR?

Answer 33

liver (then brain)

Question 34

energy output that can vary the most on an individual basis

Answer 34

physical activity

Question 35

method of energy expenditure that measures amount of heat released by the body

Answer 35

direct calorimetry

Question 36

method of energy expenditure that measures oxygen consumed and CO2 released via expired air

Answer 36

indirect calorimetry

Question 37

method of energy expenditure measuring that uses "doubly labeled water", uses EER formula, very ____

Answer 37

stable isotopes, accurate

Question 38

______ were used to determine "healthy" weight ranges for the last 50 years

Answer 38

weight for height

Question 39

used to "estimate" body fat because it is easy and non-invasive

Answer 39

Body mass index (BMI)

Question 40

``` BMI underweight = healthy = overweight = obese = ```

Answer 40

less than 18.5 18.5 - less than 25.0 25 - less than 30 30+

Question 41

ideal body fat range men = ___ women = ___

Answer 41

8-24% | 21-35%

Question 42

methods for measuring body volume

Answer 42

underwater weighing, air displacement

Question 43

direct measurement for measuring body fat

Answer 43

skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Question 44

most accurate body fat measurement

Answer 44

DEXA

Question 45

type/location for upper body name, waist measurement for men/women

Answer 45

android; waist > 40 inches (male), waist > 35 inches (female)

Question 46

type/location for body fat name for lower body

Answer 46

gynoid

Question 47

role of genetics in weight differences (%)

Answer 47

40-70% (body type, metabolic rate, hunger/satiety)

Question 48

A genetic disorder that affects connective tissues (tissue that supports skeleton and internal organs). It commonly affects eyes, heart, blood vessels and skeleton

Answer 48

marfan syndrome

Question 49

weight loss requires ________

Answer 49

long-term lifestyle changes

Question 50

___ of dieters regain more weight than they lost while dieting

Answer 50

1/3

Question 51

repeated weight loss and regain

Answer 51

weight cycling

Question 52

negative consequences of weight cycling include ___ upper body fat, ____ self-esteem, ___ cholesterol, decline in _______

Answer 52

increased, diminished, low HDL, immune system function

Question 53

sound weight loss interventions

Answer 53

- meets intake - focuses on healthy behavior modification - slow/steady rate of loss - flexibility - overall health

Question 54

3 key components of weight loss

Answer 54

1. reduce energy intake 2. regular physical activity 3. address problem behaviors

Question 55

currently, only the ________ to obesity treatment routinely show success

Answer 55

surgical approaches

Question 56

being underweight is (less/more) life-threatening than obesity

Answer 56

more

Question 57

health risks associated with BMI below 18.5

Answer 57

- loss of menstrual function - loss of bone mass - complications w pregnancy/surgery - slow recovery after illness - interfere w normal growth

Question 58

treating underweight individuals can include consuming ___ calories more per day

Answer 58

500

Question 59

___ dietary supplements for weight loss are backed by high-quality research

Answer 59

no

Question 60

Causes neurotransmitters to remain active and prolongs sense of reduced hunger (____)

Answer 60

norepinephrine and serotonin enhancers, Belviq

Question 61

Prolong epinephrine and norepinephrine activity as an appetite suppressant (_____, ___)

Answer 61

amphetamine-like medications, (phentermine, Qsymia)

Question 62

lipase inhibitors ____digestion of __ (____)

Answer 62

reduce, fat, orlistat

Question 63

GLP-1 receptor agonist mimics GLP-1, _________, improves ______

Answer 63

reduces hunger, improves BG control

Question 64

very low calorie diets (VLCDs) must be ______, reduction of ___lbs/week, resulting ____ may decrease hunger

Answer 64

monitored by medical team, 3-4 lbs, ketosis

Question 65

bariatric surgery is for patients with BMI >__ and _____, or BMI >__; patients need __ ____to prepare for surgery

Answer 65

>35 and comorbidities, >40; 6 months