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x.FSCN 4612W > Ch. 7 Energy Balance/Weight Management > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Energy Balance/Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

A

energy balance

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2
Q

when calories consumed matches the amount of energy expended

A

energy equilibrium

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3
Q

energy intake exceeds energy expenditure and results in weight gain

A

positive energy balance

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4
Q

energy intake is less than energy expenditure and weight loss occurs

A

negative energy balance

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5
Q

basal metabolism = minimum energy expended to keep a
________ alive in a warm,
quiet environment

A

fasted, resting, awake body

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6
Q

basal metabolism (BMR) is _____% of total energy expenditure

A

60-70%

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7
Q

if a person is not fasting or rested, the _______ is used

A

resting metabolism (RMR)

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8
Q

factors that affect basal metabolism

A

muscle mass, body surface area, gender, temperature, thyroid hormones, life stage

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9
Q

physical activity increases energy expenditure above basal needs by ____% (most variable component)

A

25-40%

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10
Q

Energy used to digest, absorb,
transport, store, and metabolize
nutrients

A

thermic effect of food (TEF)

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11
Q

thermic effect of food accounts for _____, influenced by food composition
protein =
carbohydrates =
fats =

A

5-10% of energy
P = 20-30%
C = 5-10%
F = 0-3%

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12
Q

larger meals have a (lower/higher) TEF

A

higher

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13
Q

process of heat production

A

thermogenesis

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14
Q

thermogenesis is a ___ contribution to total energy expenditure; produced when body expends energy for ____

A

small contribution, non-voluntary physical activity

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15
Q

thermogenesis is triggered by ___; examples include ___

A
  • extreme cold, overfeeding, trauma, etc.

- fidgeting, shivering, maintaining muscle tone, holding body upright

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16
Q

brown adipose tissue is _______ that participates in ____

A

specialized fat tissue, thermogenesis

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17
Q

brown adipose tissue contains a large number of ___ and ____; found in ____

A

capillaries and mitochondria; infants and hibernating animals

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18
Q

Physiological drive to find and eat food

A

hunger

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19
Q

psychological drive to eat

A

appetite

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20
Q

feeling fed/fulfilled; elicited by _______/___/___

A

satiety; sensory aspects of food/chewing/feeling food in stomach/knowing that we’ve eaten

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21
Q

true/false: we can override internal regulations of eatings

A

true

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22
Q

____ regulates satiety

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

___ stimulates food intake

A

ghrelin

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24
Q

____ decreases food intake

A

leptin

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25
Q

where is ghrelin produced? when is it released?

A

stomach; when you haven’t eaten

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26
Q

where is leptin produced?

A

adipose tissue

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27
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-29.9 kg/m2

28
Q

obesity BMI

A

30 kg/m2 or greater

29
Q

bomb calorimeter = “ _______” equals _ kcal

A

an increase of 1C of 1kg of water equals 1 kcal

30
Q

science behind a bomb calorimeter = energy released by ______ causes a change in _____

A

burning food, water temperature

31
Q

biggest to smallest energy output

A

basal metabolism
physical activity
thermic effect of food (TEF)
thermogenesis

32
Q

RMR is about __% (higher/lower) than BMR

A

6%

33
Q

what organ uses the most BMR/RMR?

A

liver (then brain)

34
Q

energy output that can vary the most on an individual basis

A

physical activity

35
Q

method of energy expenditure that measures amount of heat released by the body

A

direct calorimetry

36
Q

method of energy expenditure that measures oxygen consumed and CO2 released via expired air

A

indirect calorimetry

37
Q

method of energy expenditure measuring that uses “doubly labeled water”, uses EER formula, very ____

A

stable isotopes, accurate

38
Q

______ were used to determine “healthy” weight ranges for the last 50 years

A

weight for height

39
Q

used to “estimate” body fat because it is easy and non-invasive

A

Body mass index (BMI)

40
Q 
BMI 
underweight = 
healthy = 
overweight = 
obese =
A

less than 18.5
18.5 - less than 25.0
25 - less than 30
30+

41
Q

ideal body fat range
men = ___
women = ___

A

8-24%

21-35%

42
Q

methods for measuring body volume

A

underwater weighing, air displacement

43
Q

direct measurement for measuring body fat

A

skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

44
Q

most accurate body fat measurement

A

DEXA

45
Q

type/location for upper body name, waist measurement for men/women

A

android; waist > 40 inches (male), waist > 35 inches (female)

46
Q

type/location for body fat name for lower body

A

gynoid

47
Q

role of genetics in weight differences (%)

A

40-70% (body type, metabolic rate, hunger/satiety)

48
Q

A genetic disorder that affects connective tissues (tissue that supports skeleton and internal organs). It commonly affects eyes, heart, blood vessels and skeleton

A

marfan syndrome

49
Q

weight loss requires ________

A

long-term lifestyle changes

50
Q

___ of dieters regain more weight than they lost while dieting

A

1/3

51
Q

repeated weight loss and regain

A

weight cycling

52
Q

negative consequences of weight cycling include ___ upper body fat, ____ self-esteem, ___ cholesterol, decline in _______

A

increased, diminished, low HDL, immune system function

53
Q

sound weight loss interventions

A
  • meets intake
  • focuses on healthy behavior modification
  • slow/steady rate of loss
  • flexibility
  • overall health
54
Q

3 key components of weight loss

A
  1. reduce energy intake
  2. regular physical activity
  3. address problem behaviors
55
Q

currently, only the ________ to obesity treatment routinely show success

A

surgical approaches

56
Q

being underweight is (less/more) life-threatening than obesity

A

more

57
Q

health risks associated with BMI below 18.5

A
  • loss of menstrual function
  • loss of bone mass
  • complications w pregnancy/surgery
  • slow recovery after illness
  • interfere w normal growth
58
Q

treating underweight individuals can include consuming ___ calories more per day

A

500

59
Q

___ dietary supplements for weight loss are backed by high-quality research

A

no

60
Q

Causes neurotransmitters to remain active and prolongs sense of reduced
hunger (____)

A

norepinephrine and serotonin enhancers, Belviq

61
Q

Prolong epinephrine and norepinephrine activity as an appetite suppressant
(_____, ___)

A

amphetamine-like medications, (phentermine, Qsymia)

62
Q

lipase inhibitors ____digestion of __ (____)

A

reduce, fat, orlistat

63
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonist mimics GLP-1, _________, improves ______

A

reduces hunger, improves BG control

64
Q

very low calorie diets (VLCDs) must be ______, reduction of ___lbs/week, resulting ____ may decrease hunger

A

monitored by medical team, 3-4 lbs, ketosis

65
Q

bariatric surgery is for patients with BMI >__ and _____, or BMI >__; patients need __ ____to prepare for surgery

A

> 35 and comorbidities, >40; 6 months

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