Ch. 8 Vitamins Flashcards by Sydney Luella

vitamins are _________ essential in the diet to promote

growth and health maintenance

organic compounds

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water-soluble vitamins = ______

fat-soluble vitamins = _____

B vitamins, vitamin C

- vitamin A, D, E, K

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Process of adding nutrients to foods

fortification

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the added nutrients in fortification (are/are not) generally found in the food or
are added in much larger amounts, such as fortifying orange
juice with calcium

are not

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Adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to
processing

enrichment

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dietary supplements (can/cannot) replace the benefits of a diet containing a wide variety of foods

cannot

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some of _____ is absorbed in the stomach

niacin

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water-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the _______ directly into the ____. Many depend on ________ or must ___ to specific molecules in the GI tract to be absorbed

small intestine, blood, energy-requiring transport, bind

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in the large intestine, _______ ______ small amounts of vitamins, some of which (are/are not) absorbed

bacteria synthesize, are

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vitamins must be ____ by the body in order to perform their functions

absorbed

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fat-soluble vitamins require ______ to be absorbed

fat in the diet

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water-soluble vitamins may require _________ in the GI tract

transport molecules or specific molecules

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some vitamins are absorbed in __________ that must be converted into active forms by the body

inactive provitamin or vitamin precursor forms

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_________ are easily excreted from the body, except for ____

water-soluble (B12)

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because vitamin stores can be _______, they must be ______

rapidly depleted, consumed regularly

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fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the ____ and _____ so it takes longer for a _______ to develop

liver, fatty tissue, deficiency

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did you study the B vitamins as co-enzymes page?

I hope you did!

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coenzymes are _____ for ______

essential, energy metabolism

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the _______ used in canning can reduce nutrient content

high temperatures

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fresh produce may be ____ in nutrients that you think because of travel/storage time

lower

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which can provide more nutrients: fresh or frozen fruits/veggies?

frozen, typically

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B1 vitamin is ____

thiamin

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functions of thiamin

assist in _____, _____, _____, ______

energy production
carbohydrate metabolism
production of ribose
nervous system health

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a deficiency of thiamin; deficiency of thiamin in alcoholics

beriberi, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

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dietary sources of thiamin/B1 (top 3)

pork, lentils, spaghetti

thiamin helps in carbohydrate metabolism because of this...

helps make pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

_____ is an important component in the citric acid cycle and for assisting the body with the absorption of other vitamins

riboflavin

dietary riboflavin sources

milk, pork, trout

niacin can be ______ from the essential amino acid _____ if diet is adequate in it

synthesized in the body, tryptophan

two forms of niacin

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

niacin deficiency

pellagra

niacin toxicity symptoms

elevated BP, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated blood sugar

dietary sources of niacin (top 3)

chicken, trout, peanuts

biotin functions as a _______

coenzyme in energy metabolism

_____ in raw eggs destroys biotin

avidin

dietary sources of biotin

egg yolks, yogurt, nuts

pantothenic acid dietary sources (top 3)

sunflower seeds, lentils, trout

vitamin B6 is also called _____; comprises a group of including pyridoxal/pyridozine/pyridozamine which all can be converted into ______

pyridoxine, pyridoxal phosphate

vitamin B6 deficiency may lead to ______ due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues

anemia

a toxicity from vitamin B6 vitamins can cause irreversible ______

nerve damage

vitamin B6 dietary sources (top 3)

chicken, pork, lentils

Folate coenzymes are needed for ___ synthesis and | the metabolism of some _______

DNA synthesis, amino acids

low folate intake in early pregnancy is associated with _______

incr risk of neural tube defects

low folate intake has been associated with an incr. risk of _________ related to the metabolism of the AA ______

heart disease, homocysteine

folate dietary sources (top 3)

lentils, spaghetti, asparagus

folate _____: RBC precursor --> normal cell division --> RBC

adequate

folate ____: RBC precursor --> unable to divide (_____) --> macrocyte

deficient, megaloblast

`vitamin B12 is necessary for proper absorption of ____ in the body

iron

vitamin B12 is most readily absorbed from ______; ___ need to supplement

animal products, vegan

_____ may lead to B12 deficiencies

atrophic gastritis

a form of anemia that does not respond to iron supplementation

pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)

excessive intake of ___ can mask B12 deficiencies

folic acid

dietary sources of B12 (top 3)

trout, beef, chicken/trout

in the stomach, ________ help release vitamin B12 from food proteins

acid and pepsin

____ can be destroyed in food by oxygen/light/heat/contact as well as contact with copper/iron cookware

vitamin C

Vitamin C functions

- antioxidant - helps maintain immune system - important in collagen production - aids in iron absorption

vitamin C dietary sources (top 3)

orange juice, kiwi, strawberries

vitamin C helps with collagen to form ______

strong, healthy cross-linked CT

UL of vitamin C is _____

2000 mg

dietary sources of choline (top 3)

eggs, beef, salmon

enrichment is "_____"

adding it back

the only fat soluble that can be stored (it's stored in the liver)

vitamin A

_____ are more important than fresh v. frozen

cooking method

beriberi is a _____ _____

peripheral nervitis

riboflavin can be __________

easily destroyed by light or heat

niacin is _______

conditionally required

3 Ds and 4th D of Pellagra

- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia | - death

biotin helps _______ to substrates

add CO2

when you think amino acids, think ___

vitamin B6

folic acid/folate is involved in ______

single carbon metabolism