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x.FSCN 4612W > Ch. 5 Lipids > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

the typical American diet gets about ___% of its energy from fat

A

34

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2
Q

triglycerides consist of…

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

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3
Q

if one fatty acid is attached to glycerol backbone, it is a _____

A

monoglyceride

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4
Q

if two fatty acids is attached to glycerol backbone, it is a _____

A

diglyceride

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5
Q

long-chain ex:
medium-chain ex:
short chain ex:

A

beef fat
coconut oil
mil

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6
Q

saturated fatty acids facts

  • contain carbons in a chain that are bound to ___ hydrogens
  • most ______
  • when fats are exposed to oxygen, damage is called _____
A
  • two
  • animal fats/tropical oils
  • rancidity
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7
Q

unsaturated fatty acids contain some carbons that are _______

A

not saturated with H

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8
Q

the essential ______ are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6

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9
Q

trans fats are can be created by _______

A

hydrogenation

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10
Q

hydrogenation can cause double bonds to become _____

A

saturated

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11
Q

trans fats have been shown to….

A
  • raise cholesterol

- increase the risk of heart disease

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12
Q 
# of C in chain length
long = \_\_
medium = \_\_
short  = \_\_
A 
long = 14-22
medium = 6-12
short  = 6 or fewer
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13
Q

most fatty acid bonds are in the ___ form

A

cis (same)

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14
Q

phospholipids are lipids attached to a _____ group

A

phosphate

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15
Q

_____ are the major class of phospholipids (example = ____)

A

phosphoglycerides, lecithin

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16
Q

phosphoglycerides act as ___, form a _____ in cell membrane (helps regulate what can go in/out of the cell)

A

emulsifiers, lipid bilayer

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17
Q

___ are a type of lipid found in plants/animals classified by 4 fused rings

A

sterols

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18
Q

____ is a type of sterol only found in animals

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

more than __% of cholesterol in the body is found in _______; diets high in this can incr. risk of heart disease

A

90%, cell membranes

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20
Q

_______ can help reduce cholesterol in the body

A

plant sterols

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21
Q

____ are transport molecules for water-insoluble lipids

A

lipoproteins

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22
Q

lipoproteins are created by combing (3) ________

A

water-insoluble lipids, phospholipids, and proteins

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23
Q

small amounts of _______ are produced in the stomach

A

gastric lipase

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24
Q

enzymes for lipid digestion

A
  • gastric lipase (stomach)
  • bile (from liver to SI)
  • pancreatic lipase (SI)
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25
Q

lipoproteins transport ______ from the SI and ___ lipids from the liver

A

triglyercides/cholesterol/fat-soluble vitamins; stored

26
Q

did you study the lipid transport/delivery slide?

A

I hope you did!

27
Q

the body makes 4 types of lipoproteins

A

chylomicron
VLDL
LDL
HDL

28
Q

largest lipoprotein is ____

A

chylomicron

29
Q

____ contain the greatest proportion of triglycerides; ___ contain the greatest proportion of protein

A

chylomicron, HDL

30
Q

the ____ is the major lipid-producing organ in the body

A

liver

31
Q

triglycerides produced in the liver are incorporated into entities called __________

A

very-low density lipoprotein (VLDLs)

32
Q

VLDL transport lipids ______ and deliver them _______

A

out of the liver, to cells in the body

33
Q

the enzyme ________ removes triglycerides from VLDLs, creating _________

A

lipoprotein lipase; intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs)

34
Q

approximately __ of IDLs return to liver; the remainder are transformed in the blood to _______

A

2/3; low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

35
Q

LDls contain (more/less) triglyercide and (more/less) cholesterol than VLDLs and deliver cholesterol to the cells

A

less, more

36
Q

If the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood exceeds the amount that can be used by cells, the result is __________, which has been associated with ________

A

high level of LDLs; increased risk for heart disease

37
Q

the reverse cholesterol transport is done by _______

A

high-density lipoprotein (HDLs)

38
Q

excess cholesterol is ____ to be _____

A

returned to the liver; eliminated from the body

39
Q

high levels of HDL in the blood help to prevent _______

A

cholesterol from depositing in artery walls

40
Q

high levels of HDL are associated with ____

A

reduction in risk of heart disease

41
Q

most lipids in the body are ____ stored in _____

A

triglycerides, adipose tissue

42
Q

deposits of adipose tissue help to…

A
  • define body shape
  • provide stored energy
  • insulate body from temp changes
  • protect internal organs against physical shock
43
Q

lipids in the body are important for _______, such as _____

A

lubricating body; mucous membranes

44
Q

cholesterol is used to make ______, including _____

A

several hormones, sex hormones and cortisol

45
Q

________ help to regulate blood pressure and blood clotting

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

46
Q

______ are important for growth, skin integrity, fertility, and the structure/function of cell membranes

A

essential fatty acids

47
Q

_____ are made from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

A

eicosanoids

48
Q

what do eicosanoids do?

A

local bio hormone; help regulate blooding clotting, BP, and immune function

49
Q

essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms

A
  • dry/scaly skin
  • liver abnormalities
  • poor wound healing
  • growth failure in infants
  • impaired hearing/vision
50
Q

______ of fatty acids begins the metabolic pathway to produce ATP

A

beta-oxidation

51
Q

_____ acid = omega-6

______ acid = omega-3

A

linoleic; a-linolenic

52
Q

lipid fasting = triglycerides from adipose tissue are ____, releasing ___ as an energy source

A

broken down, fatty acids

53
Q

lipid feasting = when excess energy is consumed, it is stored as _______ in _____

A

triglycerides, adipose tissue

54
Q

disease in which lipids and fibrous materials are deposited in artery walls

A

atherosclerosis

55
Q

___ million Americans suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease

A

85.6

56
Q 
total cholesterol lipid
low risk/optimal = \_\_
near optimal = \_\_
borderline high = \_\_
high risk = \_\_
A

low risk/optimal = less than 200
near optimal = NA
borderline high = 200-239
high risk = 240+

57
Q 
LDL 
low risk/optimal = \_\_
near optimal = \_\_
borderline high = \_\_
high risk = \_\_
A

low risk/optimal = then than 100 (70 in high risk)
near optimal = 100-129
borderline high = 130-159
high risk = 160+

58
Q 
HDL 
low risk/optimal = \_\_
near optimal = \_\_
borderline high = \_\_
high risk = \_\_
A

low risk/optimal = greater than 60
near optimal = NA
borderline high = NA
high risk = less than 40

59
Q

triglyceride

low risk/optimal = __

A

low/optimal = less than 150

60
Q

dietary factors to reduce CVD risk

A

WHOLE FOODS

  • polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fats
  • plant food
  • B vitamins
  • antioxidants
  • moderate alcohol consumption
  • fiber
61
Q

dietary factors that increase CVD risk

A
  • cholesterol
  • saturated fat
  • trans fat
  • sodium
  • excess sugar
  • excess energy
62
Q

populations who consume diets high in ___ tend to have higher incidence of cancer; ____ may lower risk

A

fat (animal fat); fruits/veggies

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