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x.FSCN 4612W > Ch. 5 Lipids > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

the typical American diet gets about ___% of its energy from fat

A

34

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2
Q

triglycerides consist of…

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

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3
Q

if one fatty acid is attached to glycerol backbone, it is a _____

A

monoglyceride

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4
Q

if two fatty acids is attached to glycerol backbone, it is a _____

A

diglyceride

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5
Q

long-chain ex:
medium-chain ex:
short chain ex:

A

beef fat
coconut oil
mil

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6
Q

saturated fatty acids facts

  • contain carbons in a chain that are bound to ___ hydrogens
  • most ______
  • when fats are exposed to oxygen, damage is called _____
A
  • two
  • animal fats/tropical oils
  • rancidity
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7
Q

unsaturated fatty acids contain some carbons that are _______

A

not saturated with H

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8
Q

the essential ______ are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6

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9
Q

trans fats are can be created by _______

A

hydrogenation

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10
Q

hydrogenation can cause double bonds to become _____

A

saturated

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11
Q

trans fats have been shown to….

A
  • raise cholesterol

- increase the risk of heart disease

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12
Q 
# of C in chain length
long = \_\_
medium = \_\_
short  = \_\_
A 
long = 14-22
medium = 6-12
short  = 6 or fewer
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13
Q

most fatty acid bonds are in the ___ form

A

cis (same)

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14
Q

phospholipids are lipids attached to a _____ group

A

phosphate

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15
Q

_____ are the major class of phospholipids (example = ____)

A

phosphoglycerides, lecithin

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16
Q

phosphoglycerides act as ___, form a _____ in cell membrane (helps regulate what can go in/out of the cell)

A

emulsifiers, lipid bilayer

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17
Q

___ are a type of lipid found in plants/animals classified by 4 fused rings

A

sterols

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18
Q

____ is a type of sterol only found in animals

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

more than __% of cholesterol in the body is found in _______; diets high in this can incr. risk of heart disease

A

90%, cell membranes

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20
Q

_______ can help reduce cholesterol in the body

A

plant sterols

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21
Q

____ are transport molecules for water-insoluble lipids

A

lipoproteins

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22
Q

lipoproteins are created by combing (3) ________

A

water-insoluble lipids, phospholipids, and proteins

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23
Q

small amounts of _______ are produced in the stomach

A

gastric lipase

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24
Q

enzymes for lipid digestion

A
  • gastric lipase (stomach)
  • bile (from liver to SI)
  • pancreatic lipase (SI)
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25
lipoproteins transport ______ from the SI and ___ lipids from the liver
triglyercides/cholesterol/fat-soluble vitamins; stored
26
did you study the lipid transport/delivery slide?
I hope you did!
27
the body makes 4 types of lipoproteins
chylomicron VLDL LDL HDL
28
largest lipoprotein is ____
chylomicron
29
____ contain the greatest proportion of triglycerides; ___ contain the greatest proportion of protein
chylomicron, HDL
30
the ____ is the major lipid-producing organ in the body
liver
31
triglycerides produced in the liver are incorporated into entities called __________
very-low density lipoprotein (VLDLs)
32
VLDL transport lipids ______ and deliver them _______
out of the liver, to cells in the body
33
the enzyme ________ removes triglycerides from VLDLs, creating _________
lipoprotein lipase; intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs)
34
approximately __ of IDLs return to liver; the remainder are transformed in the blood to _______
2/3; low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
35
LDls contain (more/less) triglyercide and (more/less) cholesterol than VLDLs and deliver cholesterol to the cells
less, more
36
If the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood exceeds the amount that can be used by cells, the result is __________, which has been associated with ________
high level of LDLs; increased risk for heart disease
37
the reverse cholesterol transport is done by _______
high-density lipoprotein (HDLs)
38
excess cholesterol is ____ to be _____
returned to the liver; eliminated from the body
39
high levels of HDL in the blood help to prevent _______
cholesterol from depositing in artery walls
40
high levels of HDL are associated with ____
reduction in risk of heart disease
41
most lipids in the body are ____ stored in _____
triglycerides, adipose tissue
42
deposits of adipose tissue help to...
- define body shape - provide stored energy - insulate body from temp changes - protect internal organs against physical shock
43
lipids in the body are important for _______, such as _____
lubricating body; mucous membranes
44
cholesterol is used to make ______, including _____
several hormones, sex hormones and cortisol
45
________ help to regulate blood pressure and blood clotting
polyunsaturated fatty acids
46
______ are important for growth, skin integrity, fertility, and the structure/function of cell membranes
essential fatty acids
47
_____ are made from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
eicosanoids
48
what do eicosanoids do?
local bio hormone; help regulate blooding clotting, BP, and immune function
49
essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms
- dry/scaly skin - liver abnormalities - poor wound healing - growth failure in infants - impaired hearing/vision
50
______ of fatty acids begins the metabolic pathway to produce ATP
beta-oxidation
51
_____ acid = omega-6 | ______ acid = omega-3
linoleic; a-linolenic
52
lipid fasting = triglycerides from adipose tissue are ____, releasing ___ as an energy source
broken down, fatty acids
53
lipid feasting = when excess energy is consumed, it is stored as _______ in _____
triglycerides, adipose tissue
54
disease in which lipids and fibrous materials are deposited in artery walls
atherosclerosis
55
___ million Americans suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease
85.6
56
``` total cholesterol lipid low risk/optimal = __ near optimal = __ borderline high = __ high risk = __ ```
low risk/optimal = less than 200 near optimal = NA borderline high = 200-239 high risk = 240+
57
``` LDL low risk/optimal = __ near optimal = __ borderline high = __ high risk = __ ```
low risk/optimal = then than 100 (70 in high risk) near optimal = 100-129 borderline high = 130-159 high risk = 160+
58
``` HDL low risk/optimal = __ near optimal = __ borderline high = __ high risk = __ ```
low risk/optimal = greater than 60 near optimal = NA borderline high = NA high risk = less than 40
59
triglyceride | low risk/optimal = __
low/optimal = less than 150
60
dietary factors to reduce CVD risk
WHOLE FOODS - polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fats - plant food - B vitamins - antioxidants - moderate alcohol consumption - fiber
61
dietary factors that increase CVD risk
- cholesterol - saturated fat - trans fat - sodium - excess sugar - excess energy
62
populations who consume diets high in ___ tend to have higher incidence of cancer; ____ may lower risk
fat (animal fat); fruits/veggies

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