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x.FSCN 4612W > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the mixing of chyme with digestive secretions is aided in the small intestine by rhythmic local constrictions

A

segmentations

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2
Q

hormone that triggers the release of gastric juice (HCl) and increases stomach motility

A

gastrin

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3
Q

a predigested, acidified mass of food that passes from the stomach into the small intestine.

A

chyme

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4
Q

absorption mechanism in which molecules pass freely across the mucosal cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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5
Q

pass freely across the mucosal cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

A

osmosis

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6
Q

a type of passive diffusion that requires a carrier molecule

A

facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

requires energy and a carrier molecule and can transport substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

A

active transport

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8
Q

The ______________ transports blood directly to the liver, where absorbed nutrients are processed before they enter the ________

A

hepatic portal vein, general circulation

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9
Q

The lymphatic system is important for absorption because fat-soluble materials such as _______________ are incorporated into particles that are too _____ to enter the intestinal capillaries

A

long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins; large

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10
Q

ATP stands for…

A

adenosine triphosphate

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11
Q

amount of time it takes food to pass the length of the GI tract

A

transit time

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12
Q

feces includes ___________

A

unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, and dead cells

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13
Q

4 layers of the “gut wall”

A

mucosa, connective tissue, layers of smooth muscle, external layer of CT

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14
Q

viscous material produced by goblet cells; this moistens/lubricates/protects the GI tract

A

mucus

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15
Q

protein molecules that speed up chemical rxns; these are not changed during rxns

A

enzymes

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16
Q

enzymes work best within specific _____ ranges

A

pH and temperature

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17
Q

enzymes (are/are not) reusable

A

are

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18
Q

hormone that stimulates appetite and increase gastric emptying

A

ghrelin

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19
Q

hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility and increases output of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas

A

secretin

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20
Q

hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile

A

cholecystokinin

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21
Q

hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility

A

gastric inhibitory peptide

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22
Q

how many smooth muscle layers does the stomach have?

A

3

23
Q

types of cells in the stomach lining

A

mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells

24
Q

what do mucous cells secrete?

A

mucous

25
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

26
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

27
Q

where are there more absorptive cells, SI or LI?

A

small intestine

28
Q

peristalsis is _____ while segmentation is _____

A

one way, two way

29
Q

where does peristalsis mainly occur?

A

esophagus

30
Q

where does segmentation mainly occur?

A

small and large intestine

31
Q

accessory organs

A

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

32
Q

gallbladder stores ____ which is produced by the ___

A

bile, liver

33
Q

pancreas secretes __________ into the SI during digestion

A

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

34
Q

short chain fatty acids go to the ______; lipid droplets go to the ______

A

bloodstream, lymphatic system

35
Q

nutrient absorption mechanism: fatty acids

A

simple diffusion

36
Q

nutrient absorption mechanism: water molecules

A

osmosis

37
Q

nutrient absorption mechanism: fructose

A

facilitated diffusion

38
Q

nutrient absorption mechanism: amino acids (and glucose??)

A

active transport

39
Q

large intestine includes

A

colon, rectum, anus

40
Q

how long can the mass spend in the LI?

A

up to 24 hours

41
Q

what do intestinal microbiota produce for the human host?

A

vitamins, short chain fatty acids

42
Q

altered gut environment can lead to…

A

(Disease)

  • excess inflammation
  • altered immune function
  • damaged epithelial barrier
43
Q

healthy gut environment can lead to…

A

healthy. ..
- level of inflammation
- immune function
- epithelial barrier

44
Q

fibers (non-digestible) that serve as a food supply for the beneficial bacteria

A

prebiotics

45
Q

consumption of healthy beneficial bacteria is referred to as…

A

probiotics

46
Q

some cells of the immune system that are present in the GI tract

A

phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies

47
Q

diarrhea: watery stools that occur ___ or more times per day

A

3

48
Q

Open sores that develop in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or upper portion of the small intestine

A

peptic ulcers

49
Q

if an individual cannot take adequate food or fluid by mouth, these methods exist:

A
  • eternal or tube feeding

- TPN (total parenteral nutrition)

50
Q

IV nutrition that goes directly into the bloodstream

A

TPN (total parenteral nutrition)

51
Q

role of the lymphatic system

A
  • fluid balance
  • immune function
  • absorption of lipids
52
Q

catabolic reactions ____ energy

A

release (breakdown)

53
Q

anabolic reactions ____ energy

A

use (energy to combine molecules to form more complex substances)

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