Ch. 3

Question 1

the mixing of chyme with digestive secretions is aided in the small intestine by rhythmic local constrictions

Answer 1

segmentations

Question 2

hormone that triggers the release of gastric juice (HCl) and increases stomach motility

Answer 2

gastrin

Question 3

a predigested, acidified mass of food that passes from the stomach into the small intestine.

Answer 3

chyme

Question 4

absorption mechanism in which molecules pass freely across the mucosal cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 4

diffusion

Question 5

pass freely across the mucosal cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

Answer 5

osmosis

Question 6

a type of passive diffusion that requires a carrier molecule

Answer 6

facilitated diffusion

Question 7

requires energy and a carrier molecule and can transport substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

Answer 7

active transport

Question 8

The ______________ transports blood directly to the liver, where absorbed nutrients are processed before they enter the ________

Answer 8

hepatic portal vein, general circulation

Question 9

The lymphatic system is important for absorption because fat-soluble materials such as _______________ are incorporated into particles that are too _____ to enter the intestinal capillaries

Answer 9

long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins; large

Question 10

ATP stands for…

Answer 10

adenosine triphosphate

Question 11

amount of time it takes food to pass the length of the GI tract

Answer 11

transit time

Question 12

feces includes ___________

Answer 12

unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, and dead cells

Question 13

4 layers of the “gut wall”

Answer 13

mucosa, connective tissue, layers of smooth muscle, external layer of CT

Question 14

viscous material produced by goblet cells; this moistens/lubricates/protects the GI tract

Answer 14

mucus

Question 15

protein molecules that speed up chemical rxns; these are not changed during rxns

Answer 15

enzymes

Question 16

enzymes work best within specific _____ ranges

Answer 16

pH and temperature

Question 17

enzymes (are/are not) reusable

Answer 17

are

Question 18

hormone that stimulates appetite and increase gastric emptying

Answer 18

ghrelin

Question 19

hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility and increases output of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas

Answer 19

secretin

Question 20

hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile

Answer 20

cholecystokinin

Question 21

hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Answer 21

gastric inhibitory peptide

Question 22

how many smooth muscle layers does the stomach have?

Answer 22

3

Question 23

types of cells in the stomach lining

Answer 23

mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells

Question 24

what do mucous cells secrete?

Answer 24

mucous

Question 25

what do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 25

HCl

Question 26

what do chief cells secrete?

Answer 26

pepsinogen

Question 27

where are there more absorptive cells, SI or LI?

Answer 27

small intestine

Question 28

peristalsis is _____ while segmentation is _____

Answer 28

one way, two way

Question 29

where does peristalsis mainly occur?

Answer 29

esophagus

Question 30

where does segmentation mainly occur?

Answer 30

small and large intestine

Question 31

accessory organs

Answer 31

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

Question 32

gallbladder stores ____ which is produced by the ___

Answer 32

bile, liver

Question 33

pancreas secretes __________ into the SI during digestion

Answer 33

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

Question 34

short chain fatty acids go to the ______; lipid droplets go to the ______

Answer 34

bloodstream, lymphatic system

Question 35

nutrient absorption mechanism: fatty acids

Answer 35

simple diffusion

Question 36

nutrient absorption mechanism: water molecules

Answer 36

osmosis

Question 37

nutrient absorption mechanism: fructose

Answer 37

facilitated diffusion

Question 38

nutrient absorption mechanism: amino acids (and glucose??)

Answer 38

active transport

Question 39

large intestine includes

Answer 39

colon, rectum, anus

Question 40

how long can the mass spend in the LI?

Answer 40

up to 24 hours

Question 41

what do intestinal microbiota produce for the human host?

Answer 41

vitamins, short chain fatty acids

Question 42

altered gut environment can lead to...

Answer 42

(Disease) - excess inflammation - altered immune function - damaged epithelial barrier

Question 43

healthy gut environment can lead to...

Answer 43

healthy. .. - level of inflammation - immune function - epithelial barrier

Question 44

fibers (non-digestible) that serve as a food supply for the beneficial bacteria

Answer 44

prebiotics

Question 45

consumption of healthy beneficial bacteria is referred to as...

Answer 45

probiotics

Question 46

some cells of the immune system that are present in the GI tract

Answer 46

phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 47

diarrhea: watery stools that occur ___ or more times per day

Answer 47

3

Question 48

Open sores that develop in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or upper portion of the small intestine

Answer 48

peptic ulcers

Question 49

if an individual cannot take adequate food or fluid by mouth, these methods exist:

Answer 49

- eternal or tube feeding | - TPN (total parenteral nutrition)

Question 50

IV nutrition that goes directly into the bloodstream

Answer 50

TPN (total parenteral nutrition)

Question 51

role of the lymphatic system

Answer 51

- fluid balance - immune function - absorption of lipids

Question 52

catabolic reactions ____ energy

Answer 52

release (breakdown)

Question 53

anabolic reactions ____ energy

Answer 53

use (energy to combine molecules to form more complex substances)