Ch. 11 Minerals and Bone Health Flashcards
minerals: ________ elements needed by the body in ____ for health/maintenance
inorganic (non-carbon), small amounts
major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts greater than ____ per day or in body in amounts _______
100mg, greater than 0.01% of body weight
major minerals
Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl
trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than ___ or present in body in amounts ______
100mg, less than 0.01% of body weight
trace minerals
F, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, I, etc.
bioavailability is the amount of a substance that is released from ____, ___ in the ____, and available for the body to use by ______
food, absorbed/GI tract, cells and tissues
is bioavailability the same or different for each mineral?
different
additional factors affecting mineral bioavailability
- dose
- chemical form
- food matrix
- coingestion of other nutrients
- compounds binding minerals
cofactors are needed to _______ and _____
activate enzymes, catalyze reactions
minerals (are/are not) essential cofactors in many metabolic processes
are
bone structure: ____ matrix with _______ crystals to support it
collagen (protein), hydroxyapatite
\_\_\_\_\_ = hard outer shell \_\_\_\_ = spongy inner bone
cortical bone, trabecular bone
cortical bone is ___% of total bone mass; trabecular is __%
80%, 20%
cortical bone serves are main _____ for body weight and _____
structural support, protects organs
trabecular bone has a _________ and supers of support for _____
higher surface area, mechanical stress
bone is a ______ tissue
living/dynamic
adult skeleton is completely remodeled every _____
10 years
bone remodeling is the result of _______, and older bone becomes more ____
osteoclast/osteoblast, fragile
brittle bone disease, defined by having
significant losses in bone mass that makes individual
more susceptible to fragility fracture
osteoporosis
osteoporosis is calculated using a ____
T-score
T-score is compared to _____ while Z-score is compared to _____
optimum bone mass, age-matched controls
dietary sources of calcium (top 3)
yogurt, milk, cheese
calcium deficiency symptoms
- reduced bone mass
- osteoporosis/fractures
- osteomalacia
calcium toxicity
- GI distress
- confusion/coma/death
- possibly CVD, some cancers
what is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Ca
function of blood calcium
nerve transmission, muscle contraction, BP regulation, hormone release
___ __% of ingested Ca is absorbed and bioavailable
only 30%
Ca absorption uses ____ and _____
active transport (requires vitamin D), passive diffusion
Ca has a ____ with higher dose
decreased % absorption
low concentrations of Ca require ____; high can use ____
active transport, passive diffusion
dietary sources of phosphorus
yogurt, canned sardines, sunflower seeds
Phosphorus deficiency can lead to _______
bone loss, weakness, loss of appetite
phosphorus toxicity is _____ but can lead to _____
rare, bone resorption
phosphorus makes up about __% of an adult’s body; ___% of that is found in ___
1%, 85%, bones/teeth
phosphorus functions
- bone
- phospholipids
- DNA/RNA
- energy metabolism (ATP)
phosphorus absorption mechanism…
via passive diffusion, some active transport
_______ are highly bioavailable
phosphate additives
dietary sources of Mg
cooked spinach, sunflower seeds, almonds
Mg deficiency is _____
rare, but occurs in indv with alcoholism/malnutrition/kidney and GI disease
Mg deficiency may cause…
nausea, muscle weakness, mental derangement, BP and heartbeat changes
Mg toxicity is ____ and causes ____
rare, GI distress and possible hypotension/facial flushing
adults typically have ~___g of Mg; ____% found in bone; Mg is a cofactor in over ____ enzymes
25g, 50-60%, 300+
Mg bioavailability is ___%
25-70%
sulfur is found is ______ and _____
protein foods, sulfur-containing AA in vitamins
the vitamins ____ and _____ contain sulfur
thiamin, biotin
RDI for sulfur
there is no recommended daily intake for sulfur
high blood calcium triggers the release of ____ from the ____
calcitonin, thyroid gland
calcitonin function
inhibits calcium release from bone
recommended intake for adults: Ca
1000-1200 mg/day
recommended intake for adults: P
700mg/day
recommended intake for adults: Mg
310-420 mg/day
recommended intake for adults: S
none specified
