Ch. 6 Protein

Question 1

protein deficiency is ____ in the US

Answer 1

rare

Question 2

as a country’s economy improves, proportion of _________ tends to increase

Answer 2

animal foods in the diet

Question 3

animal products provide sources of protein, ____ and minerals such as _____

Answer 3

B vitamins; iron, Zn, Ca

Question 4

plant source of protein are also a good source of ________

Answer 4

B vitamins, Fe, Zn, fiber, phytochemical and Ca (but in less absorbable forms)

Question 5

building blocks of protein

Answer 5

amino acid

Question 6

each AA contains a central __ atom plus ___, ___, ____, ____

Answer 6

Carbon

• H atom
• Amino group
• acid group
• side chain

Question 7

______ cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet

Answer 7

essential amino acids

Question 8

___ essential AA, ___ nonessential AA

Answer 8

9, 11

Question 9

__ of 11 nonessential AA may be considered conditionally essential

Answer 9

6

Question 10

when a nonessential AA is not available in the diet, it can be made in the body by the process of ___

Answer 10

transamination

Question 11

AA are linked by _____

Answer 11

peptide bonds

Question 12

____ are formed between two AA

____ are formed between many AA

Answer 12

dipeptide; polypeptides

Question 13

a protein is made of _____ folded into a __ shape

Answer 13

one or more polypeptide chains; 3D

Question 14

protein ___ determines ___

Answer 14

shape, function

Question 15

CT proteins and collagen are ____; hemoglobin is ____

Answer 15

elongated, spherical

Question 16

denaturation is when a protein becomes “____”

Answer 16

“unfolded”

Question 17

in the stomach, ___ and ____ begin the chemical digestion of protein

Answer 17

hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin

Question 18

in the SI, ________ enzymes are secreted from the pancreas

Answer 18

protein-digesting enzymes

Question 19

HCL transforms/activates inactive ___ to pepsin to begin protein digestion

Answer 19

pepsinogen

Question 20

________ and _____ can enter the mucosal cell. Once inside, they are broken down into ____

Answer 20

dipeptides, tripeptides; single AA

Question 21

___ can pass from mucosal cell into the blood then to the __

Answer 21

amino acids, liver

Question 22

food allergies are triggered when a ______ is absorbed without being completely digest

Answer 22

protein from the diet

Question 23

a rapid, severe allergic reaction

Answer 23

anaphylaxis

Question 24

people with GI disease are prone to allergies because ______

Answer 24

their damaged intestines allow for the absorption of whole proteins

Question 25

the body continuously ______ protein ("_____")

Answer 25

synthesizes and breaks down ("recycling")

Question 26

the continual synthesis and break down of proteins

Answer 26

protein turnover

Question 27

_____ occurs in nucleus; ___ occurs in cytosol at the ____

Answer 27

transcription; translation, ribosome

Question 28

limiting amino acid limits the ability to ___________ (Alabama spelling example)

Answer 28

synthesize a protein that is high in that AA

Question 29

limiting amino acid limits the ability to ___________ (Alabama spelling example)

Answer 29

synthesize a protein that is high in that AA

Question 30

AA as energy source step 1: | the amino group is removed by _____, allowing the _____ that remain to be further metabolized

Answer 30

deamination, carbon compounds

Question 31

AA as an energy source step 2: deamination of some glucogenic AA produces _____ that can be used to synthesize ____

Answer 31

three-carbon molecules, glucose

Question 32

AA as an energy source step 3: deamination of ketogenic Aa results in molecules that form ____. When energy is consumed in excess of needs, this can be used to synthesize _____

Answer 32

acetyl-CoA, fatty acids

Question 33

AA as an energy source step 4: | deamination of some ______ forms _______ in the citric acid cycle that can be used to synthesize _____

Answer 33

glucogenic AA, intermediates, glucose

Question 34

AA as an energy source step 5: high-E electrons from the breakdown of AA are transferred to the ______ where the E is used to convert __ to ___. The e- are combined with ______ to form ____

Answer 34

electron transport chain, ADP to ATP, oxygen and hydrogen, water

Question 35

AA as an energy source step 6: the amino group released by deamination produces _____ which is toxic. The liver combines ___ with ______ to form ___, which is less toxic and can be excreted in urine

Answer 35

ammonia, ammonia, carbon dioxide, urea

Question 36

protein functions - provide ___ - ___ speed up metabolic rxns - _____ move substances in/out of cells - ____ help immune function - _____ help muscle movement - ____ are chemical messengers - proteins help to regulate ________

Answer 36

- structure - enzymes - transport proteins - antibodies - contractile proteins - hormones - fluid and acid-base balance

Question 37

examples of hormones that are proteins (in slide)

Answer 37

insulin, glucagon

Question 38

a term that covers a range of protein deficiency conditions that may include only protein deficiency or protein deficiency plus energy deficiency

Answer 38

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Question 39

pure protein deficiency

Answer 39

Kwashiorkor

Question 40

energy and protein deficiency

Answer 40

Marasmus

Question 41

elevated protein intakes over long periods can result in...

Answer 41

- hydration and kidney disfunction - bone health issues - kidney stones - increased risk of heart disease/cancer

Question 42

________ is an inherited condition attributed to a defective gene

Answer 42

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 43

____, a sugar substitute, contains phenylalanine

Answer 43

aspartame

Question 44

MSG (________) consists of the amino acid ______ (or _____) bound to sodium

Answer 44

monosodium glutamate, glutamic acid (glutamate)

Question 45

MSG symptom complex anecdotal reactions include...

Answer 45

- flushed face - tingling or burning sensations - headache - rapid heartbeat - chest pain - general weakness

Question 46

negative nitrogen balance = ______

Answer 46

total body protein decrease

Question 47

positive nitrogen balance = ______

Answer 47

total body protein increase

Question 48

adults require ___g/kg body weight per day; acceptable AMDR is __% energy for adults

Answer 48

0.8g/kg, 10-35%

Question 49

protein needs increase during ____, ____, and ____

Answer 49

periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation

Question 50

symptoms of kwashiorkor

Answer 50

edema, swelling, distended belly, dry scaly skin

Question 51

symptoms of marasmus

Answer 51

decreased body weight

Question 52

nutritional label type of protein measure

Answer 52

protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)