Ch. 9 - Blood and Lymphatic Systems Study Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards by Marybeth Shelton

Blood is made up of __________ and _________ (formed elements) suspended in _______________ (liquid portion).

blood cells
platelets
plasma

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The 4 functions of blood:

transport materials
regulates pH
prevents excessive blood loss
fights infection

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define viscosity

thickness of a fluid compared with water

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All blood cells are . . .

formed by cells in the red bone marrow

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name the process of RBC formation

hematopoiesis

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The 3 main types of blood cells:

red blood cells (RBCs) - erythrocytes
white blood cells (WBCs) - leukocytes
platelets - thrombocytes

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Name 3 characteristics of RBCs

tiny, biconcave disks that transport oxygen
no nuclei
contain hemoglobin

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hemoglobin is composed of these 2 parts:

heme - iron containing pigment

globin - a protein

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hemoglobin transports oxygen and helps get rid of :

CO2

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What is the average lifespan of RBCs

120 days

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What are the 5 types of WBCs

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

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Name 2 characteristics of WBCs

colorless

have to be stained to distinguish from each other

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WBCs are also characterized by the . . .

shape of their nucleus
presence or absence of granules
size of the cells

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Name the 2 categories of WBCs

granulocytes (with granules)

agranulocytes (without granules)

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Name the 3 granulocytes:

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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Name 3 characteristics of neutrophils

most abundant leukocyte
nucleus with 2-5 lobes
lavender-staining granules in cytoplasm

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neutrophils are also the 1st to respond to . . .

tissue damage

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phagocytosis:

engulf bacteria and debris

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Name 3 characteristics of eosinophils

bilobed nucleus
red-staining granules in cytoplasm
destroy parasitic worms

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eosinophils also reduce inflammation by . . .

neutralizing histamine

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eosinophil #’s increase dramatically during . . .

allergic reaction

parasitic worm infestations

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Name 2 characteristics of basophils

least numerous

blue-staining granules in cytoplasm

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When tissues are damaged and in allergic reaction, basophils release . . .

histamine

heparin

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histamine does what -

dilates blood vessels

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heparin does what -

inhibits clot formation

Name 2 granulocytes

lymphocytes | monocytes

Name 3 characteristics of lymphocytes

found in lymph tissue smallest WBC round nucleus with little cytoplasm

Some lymphocytes are __________ and attack bacteria and viruses (T cells)

phagocytic

Some lymphocytes ________________ (B cells)

produce antibodies

Lymphocytes have an active role in _____________

phagocytosis

Name 2 characteristics of thrombocytes (platelets)

small disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryocytes no hemoglobin

Platelets are essential for the normal . . .

clotting (coagulation) of blood

The average platelet count ranges from:

250,000 to 500,000 per cubic milliliter of blood

What is plasma?

straw-colored fluid of the blood

Name 2 characteristics of plasma

produced in the liver | over 90% water (the rest are solutes)

The most abundant solutes are. . .

protein solutes

Name 3 major groups of plasma proteins

albumin globulins fibrinogen

What does albumin do?

maintains normal blood pressure and blood volume

What are the 3 types of globulins?

alpha beta gamma

In what does fibrinogen play a vital role?

coagulation

Blood types are determined by the . . .

presence or absence of antigens on the membranes of RBCs

Name the 4 blood types

A, B, AB, O

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of

antigen A or antigen B

Blood transfusions must be made using only . . .

compatible blood types

Transfused RBCs ________________________ | that reacts with the antibodies of the recipient's blood.

must not have an antigen

If the wrong blood type is transfused, the introduced ___________, will be recognized as foreign and attacked by _________________.

antigen antibodies

When the wrong blood type is transfused, this causes the RBCs to ______________ and plug small blood vessels, depriving tissues of _____________ and __________ which can be fatal.

clump together nutrients oxygen

What is hemostasis?

Stoppage of bleeding

3 processes of hemostasis

vascular spasm platelet plug formation blood clotting

albumin

plasma protein | helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume

anaphylaxis

life threatening reaction to an antigen

anisocytosis

inequality of RBC size

antibodies

produced in response to pathogens

antigens

usually a protein that causes formation of an antibody

basophil

granulocytic WBC, granules stain blue

bilirubin

orange-yellow pigment of bile formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin

coagulation

clotting of blood

eosinophil

granulocytic bilobed WBC red-staining granules

fibrinogen

plasma proteins | clots blood

hemoglobin

complex protein-iron compound that carries oxygen

septicemia

systemic infection from pathogens in blood

hemorrhage

loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time

heparin

anti-clotting factor

leukocyte

WBC

monocyte

agranulocyte largest WBC u-shaped nucleus

neutrophil

granulocyte nucleus 2-5 lobes granules stain lavender

poikilocyosis

irregular-shaped RBCs

platelet

thrombocyte - clotting cell

thrombus

clot

pancytopenia

reduction in all types of blood cells

anemia is . . .

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood | most common blood disorder

Characteristics of sickle-cell anemia

abnormal RBCs shaped like a sickle inherited usually in people of African descent

leukemia is . . .

a group of cancers of the red bone marrow cells that form WBCs excess production of WBCs

treatment for leukemia . . .

chemotherapy | bone marrow transplant from a compatible donor

polycythemia vera characteristics

abnormal increase in RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes | blood becomes very thick - viscous

multiple myeloma characteristics

malignant plasma cell neoplasm | too many plasma cells that replace bone marrow and destroy bone

Coomb's test

blood test on Rh- women to detect the presence of antibodies for Rh incompatibility

hematocrit (Hct) testing

% of RBCs

hemoglobin (Hgb) tests

oxygen-carrying capacity of blood | part of CBC

The immune system consists of:

``` bone marrow thymus lymph nodes spleen lymphatic vessels ```

Immunity is a state of being . . .

resistant to or protected from a disease

What are lymph nodes?

lymphatic tissue

Where are lymph nodes located?

cervical submandibular axillary inguinal -- regions

Where is the thymus located?

near the mediastinum (middle of chest)

The thymus secretes a hormone . . .

thymosin

What does thymosin do?

stimulates red bone marrow cells to produce T-cells

List 5 characteristics of the spleen

``` located in the LUQ largest lymphatic organ filters blood stores blood produces lymphocytes ```

Tonsils are the first line of defense against _________ entering through the ____________________.

pathogens | nose or mouth

Define lymphoma

lymphoid tissue neoplasm (abnormal tissue) that is typically malignant

Burkitt's lymphoma characteristics

malignant neoplasm in the jaw | seen chiefly in Central Africa

Hodgkin's lymphoma characteristics

progressive, painless enlargement of a malignant tumor typically noted first in the cervical region males affected twice as often as females

mononucleosis characteristics

caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) benign, acute infection of B cells lasts 1-3 weeks causes splenomegaly

CBC

complete blood count

eos

eosinophils

Hgb

hemoglobin

Hct

hematocrit

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

lymph

lymphocytes

mono

monocytes

poly

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

prothrombin time

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

segs

segmented neutrophils

CMV

cytomegalovirus

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

neutrophils are also known as . . .

segs or polys

Bands are ___________ neutrophils

immature