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Medical Terminology > Ch. 12 Digestive System Guide/Abbreviations > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Digestive System Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The GI tract is separated into . . .

A

upper and lower

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2
Q

The upper GI tract contains:

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach

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3
Q

The lower GI tract contains:

A

large and small intestines

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4
Q

The oral cavity (buccal cavity) includes:

A 
lips
cheeks
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tongue
salivary glands
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5
Q

chewing =

A

mastication

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6
Q

swallowing =

A

deglutition

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7
Q

Rugae is . . .

A

ridges or folds

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8
Q

Rugae is found in . . .

A

mouth and stomach

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9
Q

Salivary (parotid) glands do what?

A

secrete saliva

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10
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

enzymes to break down food

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11
Q

What 3 glands secrete saliva?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of enzymes?

A

amylase

lipase

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13
Q

What does amylase do?

A

breaks down carbohydrates

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14
Q

What does lipase do?

A

breaks down fats

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15
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

propels food to the stomach through peristalsis

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16
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

muscle contractions to move food through the esophagus to the stomach

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17
Q

The muscular ring at the top of the stomach is called what?

A

cardiac sphincter

also known as lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?

A

prevent reflux of stomach contents

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19
Q

The stomach is located where?

A

LUQ

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20
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the stomach?

A

fundus - upper rounded portion
body - central, curves to the right
pylorus - lower tubular part

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21
Q

The 1st part of the small intestine is?

A

duodenum

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22
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

regulates passage of food from the stomach to duodenum

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23
Q

What are the 3 items that break down food?

A

digestive enzymes
hydrochloric acid
muscular contractions

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24
Q

What is the broken down mixture of food called?

A

chyme

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25
Q

Chyme is released in small amounts through the pyloric sphincter into ________________?

A

small intestine

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26
Q

The small intestine (small bowel) is how long?

A

20 feet

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27
Q

What are the 3 sections of small bowel named?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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28
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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29
Q

How long are the jejunum and ileum?

A

jejunum - 8 feet

ileum - 12 feet

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30
Q

What is the function of the small intestines?

A

absorb nutrients into bloodstream

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31
Q

The small finger-like projections are called?

A

villi

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32
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

absorb nutrients

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33
Q

What is the fold of the peritoneum called?

A

omentum or mesentery

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34
Q

What does the omentum do?

A

holds intestines in place

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35
Q

The large intestines (colon) begin where?

A

ileocecal junction

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36
Q

The ileocecal junction contains . . .

A

ileocecal sphincter

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37
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal sphincter?

A

prevent backflow of wastes into the small intestines

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38
Q

The large intestine is divided into what 3 parts?

A

cecum
colon
rectum

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39
Q

The cecum is a blind pouch on the _______ side of the abdomen.

A

right

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40
Q

What is attached to the cecum?

A

vermiform appendix

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41
Q

The longest portion of the large intestine is?

A

colon

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42
Q

The colon is divided into 4 sections . . .

A 
ascending colon (r)
transverse colon
descending colon (l)
sigmoid colon
(rectum/anus)
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43
Q

The accessory glands of digestion are:

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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44
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

under diaphragm, slightly to the right

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45
Q

The liver makes _________?

A

bile

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46
Q

What does bile do?

A

breakdown fats in the small intestine

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47
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

under the liver

pear-shaped

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48
Q

The gallbladder is connected to the liver via the _______?

A

cystic duct

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49
Q

The cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to form?

A

the common bile duct

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50
Q

The gallbladder and corresponding ducts are sometimes referred to as?

A

biliary tree

51
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

store and concentrate bile produced by liver

52
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

LUQ

behind the stomach

53
Q

The pancreas functions as . . .

A

exocrine and endocrine gland

54
Q

As an exocrine, the pancreas makes?

A

digestive juices

55
Q

As an endocrine, the pancreas makes?

A

insulin

56
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called?

A

ascites

57
Q

What is ascites usually a sign of?

A

infection

58
Q

Gurgling sounds in the intestines heard with a stethoscope?

A

borborygmi

59
Q

Epigastric discomfort after eating?

A

dyspepsia (heartburn)

60
Q

Difficulty swallowing . . .

A

dysphagia

61
Q

Emesis is . . .

A

vomiting (vomitus)

62
Q

Passing gas is . . .

A

flatus (flay-tus)

flatulence

63
Q

Belching is . . .

A

eructation

64
Q

Abnormal black, tarry stool . . .

A

melena

65
Q

Mass of food or medicine?

A

bolus

66
Q

Herniations of the muscular layer of the intestines is?

A

diverticulosis

67
Q

Inflammation of diverticulosis . . .

A

diverticulitis

68
Q

cholelithiasis =

A

gallstones

69
Q

Stomach protrudes through diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia (diaphragmatic hernia)

70
Q

A hiatal hernia is due to . . .

A

an enlarged cardiac sphincter

71
Q

Peptic ulcers are caused by . . .

A

bacteria H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori)

72
Q

Abnormal passage from the rectum to the skin

A

anal fistula

73
Q

Twisted bowel =

A

volvulus

74
Q

Large number of polyps in the colon

A

chronic polyposis

75
Q

What are the 2 types of polyps?

A

pedunculated (w/stalk)

sessile (w/o stalk)

76
Q

X-ray of the lower GI tract with radiopaque dye

A

barium enema

77
Q

Upper GI series

A

barium swallow

78
Q

Excision of gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

79
Q

Scoping of the large intestine

A

colonoscopy

80
Q

EGD with dye injected for analysis of pancreatic and biliary ducts (pancreatic tree). . .

A

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

81
Q

Test on stool specimen using guaiac

A

stool guaiac

82
Q

What does a stool guaiac identify?

A

presence of blood in stool
unidentifiable by eye
Also called hemoccult or stool for occult blood

83
Q

a.c.

A

before meals

84
Q

BE

A

barium enema

85
Q

b.i.d.

A

twice a day

86
Q

t.i.d.

A

three times a day

87
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography

88
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

89
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

90
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

91
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

92
Q

n.p.o.

A

nothing by mouth

93
Q

p.c.

A

after meals

94
Q

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase

95
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase

96
Q

Ba

A

barium

97
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

98
Q

GB

A

gallbladder

99
Q

GBS

A

gallbladder series

100
Q

GER

A

gastroesophageal reflux

101
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

102
Q

GI series

A

gastrointestinal series

103
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

104
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

105
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

106
Q

HCl

A

hydrochloric acid

107
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

108
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

109
Q

IVC

A

intravenous cholangiography

110
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

also known as the cardiac sphincter

111
Q

N&V

A

nausea and vomiting

112
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

113
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystogram

114
Q

PP or pp

A

post prandial

115
Q

PPBS

A

postprandial blood sugar

116
Q

PPG

A

postprandial glucose

117
Q

PTC/PTCH

A

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram

118
Q

SBFT

A

small bowel follow-through

119
Q

SBS

A

small bowel series

120
Q

SGOT

A

serum glutanic oxaloacetic transaminase

now called AST

121
Q

SGPT

A

serum glutanic pyruvic transaminase

122
Q

TPN

A

total parenteral nutrition

123
Q

UGI series

A

upper gastrointestinal series

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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