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medical terminology > Ch. 13 Endocrine/Ch. 15 Urinary Study Guide/Abbreviations > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Endocrine/Ch. 15 Urinary Study Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes . . .

A

hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland, behind and slightly above . . .

A

the nose and throat

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3
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes 7 hormones. What are they?

A 
GH - growth hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
LTH - lactogenic hormone
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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4
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes 2 hormones. What are they?

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

OT - oxytocin

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5
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin

induces sleep

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6
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in front of the neck, below larynx

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7
Q

The thyroid gland secretes what 3 hormones?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) - growth and development
T4 (thyroxine) - metabolism
calcitonin - regulates calcium levels in blood

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8
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

4 rounded bodies on the dorsum of the thyroid

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9
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone

regulates levels of calcium in the blood

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10
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

mediastinum beneath the sternum

the thymus shrinks with age

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does the thymus secrete?

A

thymosin and thymopoietin

both stimulate production of T cells

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12
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

2 glands, 1 per kidney, atop each kidney

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13
Q

What do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

corticosteroids and hormones

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14
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by adrenals?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

norepinephrine (noradrenaline) returns body to normal

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15
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

LUQ - behind the stomach

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16
Q

The pancreas contains a group of cells called . . .

A

islets of Langerhans

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17
Q

What does the islets of Langerhans do?

A

produces hormones: glucagon and insulin

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18
Q

Define acromegaly

A

hyperexcretion of the human growth hormone (HGH)
usually due to a pituitary gland tumor
treatment is surgery/radiation

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19
Q

Diabetes insipidus is . . .

A

deficiency of secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
excretion of large amounts of urine and sodium
patients have excessive thirst - drink excess water

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20
Q

Diabetes mellitus is . . .

A 
common form of diabetes
lack of insulin production by the pancreas
sugar present in the urine
Type I
Type II
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21
Q

Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland is:

A

goiter

possibly from lack of iodine

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22
Q

Graves’ disease is . . .

A

hyperthyroidism
it causes exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs)
treated with antithyroid medication, radioiodine, and surgery

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23
Q

Define diabetic retinopathy . . .

A

capillaries of the retina have localized areas of bulging (microaneurysms), hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring eventually resulting in loss of vision.

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24
Q

Cushing’s syndrome:

A

adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroids

symptoms are weight gain, fatigue, and moon-like facies

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25
Q

disease of a gland

A

adenopathy

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26
Q

steroid hormone that increases male characteristics

A

androgen

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27
Q

suppresses urine production

A

antidiuretic

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28
Q

islets of Langerhans fail to produce enough insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

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29
Q

normal thyroid

A

euthyroid

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30
Q

secretes substance through ducts

A

exocrine gland

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31
Q

outward protrusion of eyeballs

A

exophthalmos

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32
Q

Glucagon is . . .

A

hormone secreted by islets of Langerhans

stimulates liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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33
Q

excessive body hair in a male distribution pattern

A

hirsutism

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34
Q

elevated blood calcium levels

A

hypercalcemia

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35
Q

low blood potassium levels

A

hypokalemia

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36
Q

low blood sodium levels

A

hyponatremia

37
Q

Oxytocin is . . .

A

hormone secreted from posterior pituitary gland

stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown

38
Q

excessive eating

A

polyphagia

39
Q

excretion of a large amount of urine

A

polyuria

40
Q

Hormones secreted by the thymus to stimulate T cell production:

A

thymopoietin

thymosin

41
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

42
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

43
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

44
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes

45
Q

NIDDM

A

noninsulin-dependent diabetes

46
Q

K

A

potassium

47
Q

Ca

A

calcium

48
Q

Na

A

sodium

49
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

each side of the vertebral column

back of the upper abdominal cavity

50
Q

Name the 3 areas of the kidney:

A

cortex - outer layer
medulla - inner region (contains nephron)
hilum - where blood vessels enter and ureter exits the kidney

51
Q

What are ureters?

A

tubes from kidney to bladder
carries urine
1 for each kidney

52
Q

temporary storage for urine

A

bladder

53
Q

where urine exits the body

A

urethra

54
Q

The color of urine should be:

A

pale to deep yellow

55
Q

If the urine is darker it is:

A

very concentrated

56
Q

Hematuria is:

A

blood in the urine (reddish-brown color)

57
Q

What are the 3 terms for clarity in urine?

A

turbid - cloudy
pyuria - pus
bacteruria - bacteria

58
Q

Odor is classified as:

A

strong odor - not foul

59
Q

Foul or putrid odor is common with?

A

infection

60
Q

This is found with patients with diabetes mellitus?

A

fruity odor

61
Q

albuminuria =

A

proteinuria

62
Q

anuria

A

no urine output

63
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

64
Q

nocturia

A

excessive nighttime urination

65
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

66
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

67
Q

cystitis is

A

inflammation of the bladder
symptoms are: frequency, urgency, hematuria
caused by: infection, kidney stone, or tumor

68
Q

renal calculi:

A

kidney stones

calcium oxalate most common at 70%

69
Q

BUN is:

A

blood urea nitrogen

blood test checks the amount of urea and nitrogen present in blood

70
Q

cystoscopy

A

viewing the interior of the bladder with a scope

71
Q

IVP (intravenous pyelogram)

A 
visualize the entire urinary tract
(kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
contrast dye is given by IV
x-rays are taken
diagnose tumors, cysts, stones or other anomalies
72
Q

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

A

x-ray with no contrast medium

73
Q

UA (urinalysis)

A

physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine

74
Q

without symptoms

A

asymptomatic

75
Q

scope used to view the interior of the bladder

A

cystoscope

76
Q

removing waste products from the blood when kidneys are unable

A

dialysis

77
Q

urination or voiding

A

micturition

78
Q

kidney stones

A

nephrolithiasis (renal calculi)

79
Q

inability to retain urine

A

incontinence

80
Q

inability to empty bladder

A

retention

81
Q

dye that doesn’t permit passage of x-rays

A

radiopaque

appears white on x-ray

82
Q

distention of kidney because of obstructed ureter

A

hydronephrosis

83
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

84
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

85
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

86
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

87
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder

88
Q

The pituitary gland is a ______________ and its function is to:

A

master gland

secrete hormones that control other organs

medical terminology (18 decks)

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