Ch. 10 - Cardiovascular System Study Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards by Marybeth Shelton

Name the 3 major functions of the cardiovascular system

deliver oxygen and nutrients
transports wastes to designated organs
raise blood pressure

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Name the 3 heart coverings

endocardium - inner lining
myocardium - muscle layer
epicardium - outer layer

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What is the pericardium?

double membranous sac that encloses the heart

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What is the difference between parietal and visceral pericardium?

parietal is towards the thoracic cavity

visceral is on the inner surface of the heart

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The top of the heart is called the. . .

base

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The bottom of the heart is called the . . .

apex

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The left atrium . . .

receives O2-rich blood from the lungs

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The left ventricle . . .

pumps O2-rich blood to the rest of the body

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The right atrium . . .

receives O2-poor blood from the body

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The right ventricle . . .

pumps O2-poor blood back to the lungs

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The septum . . .

separates right and left sides of the heart

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The mitral (bicuspid) valve . . .

separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

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The aortic valve . . .

opens to allow O2 blood out to the body through the aorta

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The tricuspid valve . . .

separates the right atrium and right ventricle

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The pulmonary valve . . .

opens to allow deoxygenated blood to go back to the lungs

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What is the difference between mitral and tricuspid valves?

mitral = 2 flaps
tricuspid = 3 flaps

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What are the small flaps of the heart valves called?

cusps

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Name the 2 categories of valves:

atrioventricular (AV)

semilunar

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Atrioventricular (AV) valves . . .

separate the atria and ventricles (mitral/tricuspid)

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Semilunar valves . . .

have 3 cusps (aortic/pulmonary)

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What is the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

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The pacemaker of the heart (SA node) . . .

sends impulses to the AV node

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What fibers fan out around the ventricles

purkinje

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Name 3 characteristics of an artery

very thick-walled to withstand pressure
big
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

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Name 3 characteristics of an arteriole

smaller than an artery thinner-walled carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

What are 2 characteristics of a capillary

very tiny | gas exchange occurs here

Name 3 characteristics of a venule

small veins have valves carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

What are 2 characteristics of a vein

have valves | carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Systole is . . . | SIS-toh-lee

ventricles contract (forcing blood out of the heart)

Diastole is . . . | dye-ASS-toh-lee

ventricles relax (allowing heart to fill with blood)

systolic pressure . . .

maximum pressure is reached in the ventricles

diastolic pressure . . .

minimum pressure is reached in the ventricles

bradycardia . . .

slow heartbeat

tachycardia . . .

fast heartbeat

ischemia . . .

decreased blood supply of oxygenated blood | mainly caused from arterial narrowing

Necrosis: death of one or more cells which . . .

causes irreversible damage

define aneurysm

dilation of an artery due to weakness | the weakened area balloons out

define embolism

obstruction/occlusion | clot that is stuck

arteriosclerosis is . . .

hardening of an artery

angina pectoris . . .

severe chest pain | usually radiates to the left shoulder and arm

myocardial infarction (MI) . . .

heart attack | clogging of coronary arteries

mitral valve prolapse (MVP) . . .

drooping of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole (When the heart is pumping blood)

claudication . . .

cramp-like pains in the calves | poor circulation to the leg muscles

Raynaud's phenomenon

intermittent attacks of vasoconstriction of the arterioles | generally showing in the fingers/toes

bruit . . .

abnormal sound or murmur

malaise . . .

vague feeling of body weakness or fatigue | often indicating onset of illness or disease

orthopnea . . .

need to stand up or sit up straight to breath comfortably

dyspnea . . .

difficulty breathing

pitting edema . . .

swelling of the extremities causing a dent in the skin when depressed

What is precordial chest pain?

in front of the sternum similar to angina pectoris not severe

lumen is . . .

the space within a blood vessel

hepatomegaly . . .

enlargement of the liver

hepatosplenomegaly . . .

enlargement of the liver and spleen

organomegaly . . .

enlargement of an organ

hypertension -

high bp

hypotension -

low bp

fibrillation (atrial and ventricular) -

incomplete contraction of the heart | either in the atria/atrium or ventricles/ventricle

ejection fraction is . . .

% of blood the left ventricle expels testing heart function

ascites is a collection of . . .

fluid in the peritoneal cavity (abdomen)

anomaly =

abnormality

coronary arteries . . .

branch from the aorta | supply O2 blood to the heart

Homan's sign . . .

pain in the calf or behind the knee (popliteal area) when dorsiflexing the foot indicates thrombophlebitis

mediastinum is the area in the chest that . . .

contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchi

vegetation is . . .

abnormal growth of tissue around a valve

angiography . . .

injection of dye into blood vessels for x-ray

angioplasty . . .

surgical repair of blood vessels

cardiac catheterization . . .

catheter inserted into large vein or artery (arm/leg) and threaded to the heart. determines extent of occlusion

echocardiogram . . .

ultrasound | study the structure and motion of the heart

electrocardiogram . . .

measures the electrical activity of the heart | waveforms determine how the heart is functioning

coronary artery bypass graft . . .

bypassing narrowed or severely blocked arteries

BBB

bundle branch block

CAD

coronary artery disease

CHF

congestive heart failure

DVT

deep venous thrombosis

SOB

shortness of breath

DOE

dyspnea on exertion

blood pressure

JVD

jugular venous distention

PMI

point of maximal impulse

PND

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea