Ch. 8 - Nervous System Study Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 2 divisions of the nervous system
A
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
What is contained in the CNS?
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What is contained in the PNS?
A
cranial and spinal nerves
4
Q
What are the 3 kinds of nerves?
A
afferent
efferent
interneurons
5
Q
carries impulses from the body to the CNS
A
afferent nerves
6
Q
carries impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
A
efferent nerves
7
Q
carries impulses from afferent to efferent neurons
A
interneurons
8
Q
PNS is further broken down into…
A
somatic nervous system (SNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
9
Q
The SNS is…
A
voluntary
controls skeletal muscles
10
Q
The ANS is…
A
involuntary
controls smooth muscles and glands
11
Q
The ANS contains 2 types of nerves:
A
sympathetic
parasympathetic
12
Q
sympathetic nerves . . .
A
fight or flight response
increases heart rate and blood pressure
rush of adrenaline
13
Q
Parasympathetic nerves…
A
lowers heart rate and BP
returns body back to normal
14
Q
What are the 2 main types of nerve cells?
A
neurons
neuroglia
15
Q
functional unit of the nervous system
A
neurons = nerves
16
Q
Neurons contain:
A
cell body
axon
one or more dendrite(s)
17
Q
What is a myelin sheath?
A
covering of some neurons
helps to speed the transmission of an impulse
18
Q
Axons covered by myelin
A
white matter
19
Q
Axons NOT covered by myelin
A
gray matter
20
Q
dendrites . . .
A
carry impulses toward the cell body
21
Q
axons . . .
A
carry impulses away from the cell body
22
Q
synapse
A
space between two neurons where impulses cross
synaptic cleft
23
Q
Chemicals released from one neuron through the synapse of another
A
neurotransmitters
24
Q
Name two examples of neurotransmitters
A
excitatory (caffeine, cocaine)
inhibitory (alcohol, anesthesia)
25
Define neuroglia
type of CT
provides support for the nervous system
does NOT conduct impulses
26
How do neuroglia protect the nervous system?
phagocytosis
27
Name the 4 types of neuroglia:
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
28
Characteristics of astrocytes
star shaped
most numerous
only occur in CNS
wrap around brain's blood capillaries forming tight sheath
29
What wraps around the brain's blood capillaries forming a tight sheath?
astrocytes
30
blood-brain barrier
protective characteristic of the brain's capillary walls that prevents the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream to the brain or CSF
31
branches extending from cell body
| digest debris and pathogens
microglia
32
Lines cavities in the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
33
covers axons to form myelin sheath
| speeds the conduction of impulses
oligodendrocytes
34
Three protective membranes that cover the CNS
meninges
35
Name the 3 layers of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
36
tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
37
arachnoid membrane
resembles spider web
| where CSF is found
38
dura mater
tough, white connective tissue
| outermost layer of meninges
39
What is the subarachnoid space?
located just under the arachnoid membrane
| contains CSF
40
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
41
elevations of the cerebrum
gyri (sing. gyrus)
42
grooves of the cerebrum
sulci (sing sulcus)
43
cerebellum:
attached (behind) to the brain stem
essential role in maintaining muscle tone
coordinating normal movement and balance
44
connects the brain to the spinal cord
brainstem
45
Acetylcholine (ACH) is a
neurotransmitter
46
without feeling or sensation
anesthesia
47
aneurysm
weakening and dilation of the artery wall
48
aphasia
inability to communicate due to brain injury
49
astrocytoma
made of astrocytes
| tumor of the brain or spinal cord
50
ataxia
without muscle coordination
51
abnormally slow movement
bradykinesia
52
Brudzinski's sign
positive sign of meningitis
| involuntary flexion of arm, hip, and knee when neck is passively flexed
53
hole drilled into the skull
burr hole
54
cauda equina
lower end of spinal cord
roots of the spinal nerves
looks like a horse's tail
55
cephalalgia
headache
56
cerebrospinal fluid
found in the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord
| protects them from injury
57
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
abnormal breathing pattern
| apnea followed by deep, rapid breathing
58
progressive, irreversible deteriorating memory
dementia
59
any deficiency or variation of the normal
deficit
| ex - neurological deficit - CVA
60
double vision
diplopia
61
difficult speech
dysphasia
62
embolism
blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel
63
style of walking
gait
64
slight or partial paralysis of one half of the body
hemiparesis
65
hemiplegia
paralysis of one half of the body
66
Kernig's sign
positive sign of meningitis
| inability to extend leg completely when the leg is at a right angle to the body when the person is laying or sitting
67
state of being sluggish
lethargy
68
narcolepsy
uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep
69
nuchal rigidity
stiff neck
| seen in patients with meningitis
70
occlusion
blockage
71
palliative
soothing
72
paresthesia
numbness or tingling
73
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities
| usually due to spinal cord injuries
74
surgical resection of a spinal nerve root to relieve pain
radiculectomy/rhizotomy
75
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
76
tube to redirect fluid
shunt
77
clot that develops in a blood vessel
thrombosis
78
ventricle
hollow space filled with CSF
79
Bell's palsy
temporary or permanent paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
80
carpal tunnel syndrome
pinching of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation of tendons
81
tests that might be performed to check for carpal tunnel syndrome:
Tinel's sign
| Phalen's test
82
cerebral palsy (CP)
congenital brain damage
| lack of control of voluntary muscles due to lack of oxygen at birth
83
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
death of a portion of brain tissue because of ischemia, stroke
84
deterioration of the intervertebral disks
degenerative disk disease
85
grand mal seizure
tonic-clonic seizure
sudden LOC
involuntary muscle contraction
86
petit mal seizure
small seizures
LOC
lasting only a few seconds
known as absence seizure
87
Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute polyneuritis
myelin sheaths in PNS are destroyed
usually followed by viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection
88
abnormal increase of CSF in the ventricles
hydrocephalus
89
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
| bacterial or viral
90
multiple sclerosis
```
degenerative inflammatory disease of CNS
attacking the myelin sheath
leaves sheath sclerosed/hardened
meds can prolong remission
no cure
```
91
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive neuromuscular disorder
causes severe muscle weakness (atrophy)
autoimmune
antibodies attack ACH receptor sites
92
Babinski's reflex
causes dorsiflexion when the sole of the foot is stroked
| tests for disease of upper motor neurons
93
electroencephalogram
EEG
| measures electrical activity of the brain
94
Rhomberg test
used to evaluate cerebellar function
| testing balance
95
lumbar puncture (LP)
extracting CSF
usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
can diagnose many disorders
96
laminectomy
surgical removal of bony arches (lamina) from one or more vertebrae to relieve pressure
97
ACTH
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
98
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
99
ANS
autonomic nervous system
100
CAT
computerized axial tomography
101
CNS
central nervous system
102
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
103
CT
computed tomography
104
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
105
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
106
EEG
electroencephalogram
107
EMG
electromyography
108
ICP
intracranial pressure
109
LOC
level of consciousness
110
LP
lumbar puncture
111
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
112
MS
multiple sclerosis
113
MSLT
multiple sleep latency test
114
NCS
nerve conduction study
115
NPH
normal-pressure hydrocephalus
116
NREM
non-rapid eye movement
| stage of sleep
117
PET
positron emission tomography
118
PNS
peripheral nervous system
119
PSG
polysomnogram
120
REM
rapid-eye movement
| stage of sleep
121
RT
reading test
122
SNS
somatic nervous system
123
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
124
TIA
transient ischemic attack
125
alges/o
al-JEE-soh
sensitivity to pain
126
-algia
AL-jee-ah
pain
127
-asthenia
ass-THEE-nee-ah
strength
128
cerebell/o
ser-eh-BELL-oh
cerebellum
129
cerebr/o
ser-EE-broh
cerebrum
130
crani/o
KRAY-nee-oh
skull; cranium
131
encephal/o
en-SEFF-ah-loh
brain
132
-algesia
al-JEE-zee-ah
sensitivity to pain
133
-esthesia
ess-THEE-zee-ah
sensation, feeling
134
esthesi/o
ess-THEE-zee-oh
sensation, feeling
135
esthet/o
es-THET-oh
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
136
gli/o
GLEE-oh
neuroglia, gluey substance
137
-lepsy
LEP-see
seizure, attack
138
-lexia
LEK-see-ah
reading
139
myel/o
MY-eh-loh
spinal cord, bone marrow
140
narc/o
NAR-koh
sleep
141
-paresis
par-EE-sis
partial paralysis
142
-phasia
FAY-zee-ah
speech
143
-plegia
PLEE-jee-ah
paralysis
144
-praxia
PRAK-see-ah
perform
145
radicul/o
rah-DICK-you-loh
root
146
thec/o
THEE-koh
sheath
147
ton/o
TON-oh
tension, tone
148
ventricul/o
ven-TRIK-you-loh
ventricle of the heart or brain
