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Medical Terminology > Ch. 8 - Nervous System Study Guide/Abbreviations > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Nervous System Study Guide/Abbreviations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 2 divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is contained in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is contained in the PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

What are the 3 kinds of nerves?

A

afferent
efferent
interneurons

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5
Q

carries impulses from the body to the CNS

A

afferent nerves

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6
Q

carries impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

A

efferent nerves

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7
Q

carries impulses from afferent to efferent neurons

A

interneurons

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8
Q

PNS is further broken down into…

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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9
Q

The SNS is…

A

voluntary

controls skeletal muscles

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10
Q

The ANS is…

A

involuntary

controls smooth muscles and glands

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11
Q

The ANS contains 2 types of nerves:

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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12
Q

sympathetic nerves . . .

A

fight or flight response
increases heart rate and blood pressure
rush of adrenaline

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nerves…

A

lowers heart rate and BP

returns body back to normal

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14
Q

What are the 2 main types of nerve cells?

A

neurons

neuroglia

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15
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons = nerves

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16
Q

Neurons contain:

A

cell body
axon
one or more dendrite(s)

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17
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

covering of some neurons

helps to speed the transmission of an impulse

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18
Q

Axons covered by myelin

A

white matter

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19
Q

Axons NOT covered by myelin

A

gray matter

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20
Q

dendrites . . .

A

carry impulses toward the cell body

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21
Q

axons . . .

A

carry impulses away from the cell body

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22
Q

synapse

A

space between two neurons where impulses cross

synaptic cleft

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23
Q

Chemicals released from one neuron through the synapse of another

A

neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Name two examples of neurotransmitters

A

excitatory (caffeine, cocaine)

inhibitory (alcohol, anesthesia)

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25
Q

Define neuroglia

A

type of CT
provides support for the nervous system
does NOT conduct impulses

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26
Q

How do neuroglia protect the nervous system?

A

phagocytosis

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27
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia:

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

Characteristics of astrocytes

A

star shaped
most numerous
only occur in CNS
wrap around brain’s blood capillaries forming tight sheath

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29
Q

What wraps around the brain’s blood capillaries forming a tight sheath?

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective characteristic of the brain’s capillary walls that prevents the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream to the brain or CSF

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31
Q

branches extending from cell body

digest debris and pathogens

A

microglia

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32
Q

Lines cavities in the brain and spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

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33
Q

covers axons to form myelin sheath

speeds the conduction of impulses

A

oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

Three protective membranes that cover the CNS

A

meninges

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35
Q

Name the 3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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36
Q

tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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37
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

resembles spider web

where CSF is found

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38
Q

dura mater

A

tough, white connective tissue

outermost layer of meninges

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39
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

located just under the arachnoid membrane

contains CSF

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40
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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41
Q

elevations of the cerebrum

A

gyri (sing. gyrus)

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42
Q

grooves of the cerebrum

A

sulci (sing sulcus)

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43
Q

cerebellum:

A

attached (behind) to the brain stem
essential role in maintaining muscle tone
coordinating normal movement and balance

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44
Q

connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

brainstem

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45
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH) is a

A

neurotransmitter

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46
Q

without feeling or sensation

A

anesthesia

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47
Q

aneurysm

A

weakening and dilation of the artery wall

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48
Q

aphasia

A

inability to communicate due to brain injury

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49
Q

astrocytoma

A

made of astrocytes

tumor of the brain or spinal cord

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50
Q

ataxia

A

without muscle coordination

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51
Q

abnormally slow movement

A

bradykinesia

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52
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

positive sign of meningitis

involuntary flexion of arm, hip, and knee when neck is passively flexed

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53
Q

hole drilled into the skull

A

burr hole

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54
Q

cauda equina

A

lower end of spinal cord
roots of the spinal nerves
looks like a horse’s tail

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55
Q

cephalalgia

A

headache

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56
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

found in the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

protects them from injury

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57
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

abnormal breathing pattern

apnea followed by deep, rapid breathing

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58
Q

progressive, irreversible deteriorating memory

A

dementia

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59
Q

any deficiency or variation of the normal

A

deficit

ex - neurological deficit - CVA

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60
Q

double vision

A

diplopia

61
Q

difficult speech

A

dysphasia

62
Q

embolism

A

blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel

63
Q

style of walking

A

gait

64
Q

slight or partial paralysis of one half of the body

A

hemiparesis

65
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one half of the body

66
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

positive sign of meningitis

inability to extend leg completely when the leg is at a right angle to the body when the person is laying or sitting

67
Q

state of being sluggish

A

lethargy

68
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep

69
Q

nuchal rigidity

A

stiff neck

seen in patients with meningitis

70
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

71
Q

palliative

A

soothing

72
Q

paresthesia

A

numbness or tingling

73
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of the lower extremities

usually due to spinal cord injuries

74
Q

surgical resection of a spinal nerve root to relieve pain

A

radiculectomy/rhizotomy

75
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

76
Q

tube to redirect fluid

A

shunt

77
Q

clot that develops in a blood vessel

A

thrombosis

78
Q

ventricle

A

hollow space filled with CSF

79
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

temporary or permanent paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face

80
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

pinching of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation of tendons

81
Q

tests that might be performed to check for carpal tunnel syndrome:

A

Tinel’s sign

Phalen’s test

82
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

congenital brain damage

lack of control of voluntary muscles due to lack of oxygen at birth

83
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

death of a portion of brain tissue because of ischemia, stroke

84
Q

deterioration of the intervertebral disks

A

degenerative disk disease

85
Q

grand mal seizure

A

tonic-clonic seizure
sudden LOC
involuntary muscle contraction

86
Q

petit mal seizure

A

small seizures
LOC
lasting only a few seconds
known as absence seizure

87
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

acute polyneuritis
myelin sheaths in PNS are destroyed
usually followed by viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection

88
Q

abnormal increase of CSF in the ventricles

A

hydrocephalus

89
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

bacterial or viral

90
Q

multiple sclerosis

A 
degenerative inflammatory disease of CNS
attacking the myelin sheath
leaves sheath sclerosed/hardened
meds can prolong remission
no cure
91
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

chronic, progressive neuromuscular disorder
causes severe muscle weakness (atrophy)
autoimmune
antibodies attack ACH receptor sites

92
Q

Babinski’s reflex

A

causes dorsiflexion when the sole of the foot is stroked

tests for disease of upper motor neurons

93
Q

electroencephalogram

A

EEG

measures electrical activity of the brain

94
Q

Rhomberg test

A

used to evaluate cerebellar function

testing balance

95
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

extracting CSF
usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
can diagnose many disorders

96
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of bony arches (lamina) from one or more vertebrae to relieve pressure

97
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

98
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

99
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

100
Q

CAT

A

computerized axial tomography

101
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

102
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

103
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

104
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident; stroke

105
Q

ECT

A

electroconvulsive therapy

106
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

107
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

108
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

109
Q

LOC

A

level of consciousness

110
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

111
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

112
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

113
Q

MSLT

A

multiple sleep latency test

114
Q

NCS

A

nerve conduction study

115
Q

NPH

A

normal-pressure hydrocephalus

116
Q

NREM

A

non-rapid eye movement

stage of sleep

117
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

118
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

119
Q

PSG

A

polysomnogram

120
Q

REM

A

rapid-eye movement

stage of sleep

121
Q

RT

A

reading test

122
Q

SNS

A

somatic nervous system

123
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

124
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

125
Q

alges/o

A

al-JEE-soh

sensitivity to pain

126
Q

-algia

A

AL-jee-ah

pain

127
Q

-asthenia

A

ass-THEE-nee-ah

strength

128
Q

cerebell/o

A

ser-eh-BELL-oh

cerebellum

129
Q

cerebr/o

A

ser-EE-broh

cerebrum

130
Q

crani/o

A

KRAY-nee-oh

skull; cranium

131
Q

encephal/o

A

en-SEFF-ah-loh

brain

132
Q

-algesia

A

al-JEE-zee-ah

sensitivity to pain

133
Q

-esthesia

A

ess-THEE-zee-ah

sensation, feeling

134
Q

esthesi/o

A

ess-THEE-zee-oh

sensation, feeling

135
Q

esthet/o

A

es-THET-oh

feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception

136
Q

gli/o

A

GLEE-oh

neuroglia, gluey substance

137
Q

-lepsy

A

LEP-see

seizure, attack

138
Q

-lexia

A

LEK-see-ah

reading

139
Q

myel/o

A

MY-eh-loh

spinal cord, bone marrow

140
Q

narc/o

A

NAR-koh

sleep

141
Q

-paresis

A

par-EE-sis

partial paralysis

142
Q

-phasia

A

FAY-zee-ah

speech

143
Q

-plegia

A

PLEE-jee-ah

paralysis

144
Q

-praxia

A

PRAK-see-ah

perform

145
Q

radicul/o

A

rah-DICK-you-loh

root

146
Q

thec/o

A

THEE-koh

sheath

147
Q

ton/o

A

TON-oh

tension, tone

148
Q

ventricul/o

A

ven-TRIK-you-loh

ventricle of the heart or brain

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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