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medical terminology > Ch. 14 Senses (EENT) Study Guide > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Senses (EENT) Study Guide Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

o.s. =

A

left eye (oculus sinister)

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2
Q

o.d. =

A

right eye (oculus dexter)

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3
Q

o.u. =

A

both eyes (oculus uterque)

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4
Q

Conjunctiva is . . .

A

a clear, mucous membrane
covers eye and inside eyelids (palpebrae)
produces clear, watery mucus

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5
Q

Caruncle is . . .

A

triangular fleshy mass at the medial corner of eye

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6
Q

inflammation or infection of the conjunctivae:

A

conjunctivitis

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7
Q

Mucus in the conjunctivae helps . . .

A

trap particles

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8
Q

bloodshot =

A

injected conjunctivae

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9
Q

The white of the eye is called:

A

sclera (sclerae)

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10
Q

Name 4 points about the sclera:

A

fibrous connective tissue
protects internal eye
maintains eyeball shape
site for muscle attachment

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11
Q

EOM =

A

extraocular muscles

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12
Q

How many extraocular muscles are there?

A

6

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13
Q

What is the purpose of EOM and how are they controlled?

A

control eye movements

controlled by cranial nerves 3-6

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14
Q

Colored part of the eye:

A

iris

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15
Q

How is iris color determined?

A

genetically

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16
Q

Allows light rays to enter the eyes:

A

pupils

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17
Q

How does bright/dim light effect the pupil?

A

bright light - iris contracts - smaller pupil

dim light - iris relaxes - dilated pupil

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18
Q

Clear, hard disk:

A

lens

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19
Q

Two distinctions of the lens:

A

concave for near vision

thinner for far vision

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20
Q

Clear; covering iris and pupil:

A

cornea

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21
Q

Two distinctions of the cornea:

A

does have nerves, no blood supply

receives oxygen and nutrients from tears & aqueous humor

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22
Q

Thin tissue in the back of the eye:

A

retina, also called fundus

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23
Q

Bright circle on the retina, close to the nose:

A

optic disk

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24
Q

Cranial nerve 2 enters the eye at the optic disk:

A

optic nerve

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25
Q

Dark area lateral to the optic disk:

A

macula, also called fovea

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26
Q

Scleral icterus is:

A

yellowing of the whites of the eyes

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27
Q

Anicteric =

A

without jaundice

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28
Q

Icteric =

A

jaundice

high levels of bilirubin = liver disease

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29
Q

PERRLA:

A

pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation

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30
Q

EOMI:

A

extraocular movements intact

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31
Q

How well a person can see is called?

A

visual acuity

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32
Q

What test is used to test visual acuity?

A

Snellen test (eye chart)

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33
Q

Bulging of the eyeballs is called?

A

exophthalmos (Graves’ disease)

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34
Q

a.s.

A

left ear (auris sinistra)

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35
Q

a.d.

A

right ear (auris dextra)

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36
Q

a.u.

A

both ears (auris unitas)

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37
Q

Cerumen is:

A

earwax

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38
Q

An auricle is:

A

outside of the ear/cartilage

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39
Q

EAC:

A

external auditory canal

tube from the auricle to the TM

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40
Q

TM:

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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41
Q

Normal color of the tympanic membrane:

A

gray/pearly/pink

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42
Q

Other colors the tympanic membrane could be indicating possible illness:

A

white, amber, gray, blue (OME - otitis media w/effusion)

pale yellow, white, marked redness, injection (AOM - acute otitis media)

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43
Q

Ringing of the ears:

A

tinnitus (represents damage)

44
Q

Connects the middle ear to the pharynx:

A

eustachian tube

45
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A

functions to equalize pressure

46
Q

Ossicles are:

A

3 tiny bones in the middle ear

47
Q

Name each ossicle:

A

malleus
incus
stapes

48
Q

The stapes fits into the . . .

A

oval window

49
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

coiled portion of the inner ear

50
Q

What are 2 distinctions of the cochlea?

A

relays frequency and intensity of vibrations

cranial nerve 8

51
Q

Relays position of head to keep balance:

A

semicircular canal

52
Q

The round window is covered by . . .

A

a membrane

53
Q

The round window and oval window are what?

A

2 openings in the temporal bone

54
Q

What does the round window separate?

A

the middle ear from the inner ear

55
Q

Divides the nose into right and left sides:

A

nasal septum

56
Q

Bone in the middle of the nose, behind the septum, is called?

A

vomer

57
Q

External openings of the nose:

A

nares (naris)

58
Q

Flared cartilage on each side of nostril:

A

ala

59
Q

What is the nasal cavity formed by?

A 
ethmoid bone (roof and sides)
maxilla as the hard palate
60
Q

_______________ increases nasal surface area to slow down air, as well as, warm and moisten air.

A

turbinates or conchae

61
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

nasal mucosa

62
Q

How often does the nasal mucosa produce mucus?

A

continually with goblet cells

63
Q

How many sinuses are there?

A

4

64
Q

Name the four sinuses:

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

65
Q

How are the sinuses named?

A

according to location

66
Q

The crease from the nose to the mouth is called?

A

nasolabial fold

67
Q

The pink-red border around the lips is?

A

vermilion border

68
Q

Pharynx =

A

throat

69
Q

Uppermost part of the throat that contains adenoids:

A

nasopharynx

70
Q

Where are the eustachian tubes located?

A

nasopharynx

71
Q

Middle portion of the throat, soft palate to epiglottis, contains tonsils:

A

oropharynx

72
Q

Epiglottis to larynx:

A

laryngopharynx

73
Q

LASIK surgery or keratoplasty is:

A

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
plastic surgery of the cornea
low pain/low discomfort

74
Q

What does LASIK/keratoplasty do?

A

permanently changes the shape of the cornea using excimer laser

75
Q

What instrument is used to cut a flap in the cornea?

A

microkeratome (knife)

76
Q

What is the function of the flap?

A

it hinges back revealing the stroma, (cornea midsection)

77
Q

A computer-controlled laser vaporizes a portion of?

A

stroma, then flap is replaced

78
Q

Diopter is what?

A

measurement

refractive power of lens equal to the length in m

79
Q

Cloudiness of lens that prevents vision:

A

cataract

80
Q

Cataracts are:

A

prevalent in older people

leading cause of blindness

81
Q

Four points of cataract surgery:

A

surgical removal of lens
replaced by a lens (IOL)
restores vision
lens can be plastic, acrylic, or silicone

82
Q

Less invasive form of cataract surgery is:

A

phacoemulsification

83
Q

How does phacoemulsification work?

A

removes cataract by breaking it up with ultrasound
IOL is inserted
OP procedure

84
Q

YAG laser capsulotomy:

A

restores vision lost from a clouded lens capsule

85
Q

A YAG laser capsulotomy is often needed when?

A

after cataract surgery

86
Q

Why is a YAG laser capsulotomy needed?

A

there is a haze on the membrane behind the IOL implant
this causes loss of acuity = posterior capsular opacity
painless, no anesthesia, no incision

87
Q

What is a slit-lamp exam?

A

microscopic exam of the eye using a light

88
Q

Tonometry measures . . .

A

IOP (intraocular pressure)

89
Q

What steps are taken to measure tonometry?

A

anesthetic eye drops are given
tonometer placed against the eye
blue light aids in measurement

90
Q

What is another way to measure tonometry that is less accurate?

A

“air puff” - no need for drops

91
Q

Increased IOP, can cause damage to optic nerve:

A

glaucoma

92
Q

Name 4 distinctions of glaucoma:

A

progressive loss of peripheral vision at first
pressure is measured in mmHg
anything above 25 mmHg is high
eye drops are given to control pressure

93
Q

What are Weber and Rinne tests?

A

hearing tests

94
Q

Evaluates bone conduction versus air conduction of sound, one ear at a time:

A

Rinne

95
Q

Evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time:

A

Weber

96
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation of the middle ear behind the TM?

A

otitis media

97
Q

Serous exudate behind the TM without symptoms:

A

otitis media with effusion (OME) or serous otitis media (SOM)

98
Q

Swimmer’s ear:

A

otitis externa (OE)

99
Q

Myringotomy and tubes (M&T) is:

A

incision into the TM to place a ventilation tube (PE)
sometimes called PE (polyethylene) tube
this allows for drainage
the small tubes usually fall out spontaneously within a few months

100
Q

A Caldwell-Luc procedure is a?

A

sinus surgery

101
Q

Name 3 distinctions of the Caldwell-Luc procedure?

A

for patient’s with acute or chronic infective sinusitis
removing sinus mucosa or tumor
maxillary sinus is entered through the upper gum in mouth

102
Q

What is a Water’s view?

A

x-ray

nose up, allows for good view of maxillary sinuses

103
Q

Repair of septal deviation is:

A

septoplasty

104
Q

Name 2 distinctions of septal deviation:

A

either congenital or caused by trauma

septum is displaced causing breathing problems

105
Q

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A):

A

removing the tonsils and adenoids

medical terminology (18 decks)

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