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BIO 2306 > Ch. 8 Chromosome Variation > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Chromosome Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

This mutation results in the structure of an individual chromosome being altered

A

chromosome rearrangements

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2
Q

This mutation results in the number of individual chromosomes being altered

A

aneuploidy

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3
Q

This mutation results in the number of sets of chromosomes being altered

A

polyploidy

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4
Q

What are the chromosome rearrangements?

A

duplication
deletion
inversion
translocation

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5
Q

When a part of the chromosome is doubled?

A

duplication

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6
Q

Duplication on one chromosome often happens with ____ the other chromosome

A

deletion

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7
Q

What forms during prophase I in duplications and deletions?

A

looping out

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8
Q

Unequal crossing over leads to

A

unbalanced gene dosage

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9
Q

When part of the chromosome is missing

A

deletion

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10
Q

Which two things can happen in deletion of part of a chromosome?

A

psuedominance
haploinsufficiency

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11
Q

When the recessive allele is expressed in a heterozygote due to deletion of dominant allele

A

psuedodominance

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12
Q

When one allele is deleted and the other allele cannot perform the function on its own

A

haploinsufficiency

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13
Q

When a segment in the chromosome is inverted/flipped 180 degrees

A

inversion

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14
Q

When an inversion does not include the centromere

A

paracentric

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15
Q

When an inversion includes the centromere

A

pericentric

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16
Q

Why do inversions matter?

A

position affects expression

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17
Q

In prophase I, if an inversion occurred, you would see a ___

A

inversion loop

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18
Q

True or False: if crossing over happens in an inversion loop, offspring will not be viable

A

True

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19
Q

When genetic material moves between nonhomologous chromosomes

A

translocation

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20
Q

When a translocation occurs only from chromosome 1 to chromosome 7

A

nonreciprocal

21
Q

When a translocation occurs from chromosome 1 to chromosome 7 and vicer versa

A

reciprocal

22
Q

True or False: robertsonian translocation is for telocentric chromosomes

A

False

23
Q

True or False: robertsonian translocation os for acrocentric chromosomes

A

True

24
Q

In robertsonian translocation, an individual would go form 36 chromosomes to ___ chromosomes

A

35

25
Q

What are three ways that aneuploidy can occur?

A

deletion of centromere
nondisjunction
robertsonian translocation

26
Q

Parent 1: nondisjunction in meiosis 1 x Parent 2: regular meiosis. Offspring ratio?

A

1/2 trisomic, 1/2 monosomic

27
Q

Parent 1: nondisjunction in meiosis II x Parent 2: regular meiosis. Offspring ratio?

A

1/2 normal, 1/4 trisomic, 1/4 monosomic

28
Q

Nondisjunction happens in mitosis. Daughter cell ratio?

A

1/2 trisomic, 1/2 monosomic

29
Q

two less chromosomes

A

nullisomy

30
Q

one less chromosome

A

monosomy

31
Q

one more chromosome

A

trisomy

32
Q

two more chromosomes

A

tetrasomy

33
Q

True or False: aneuploidy conditions ends in the word SOMY

A

True

34
Q

What are the most common aneuploids?

A

sec-chromosome aneuploidy

35
Q

down syndrome =

A

trisomy 21

36
Q

three copies of chromosome 21

A

both primary and familial down syndrome

37
Q

three copies of chromosome 21 at the chromosome 21 location

A

primary down syndrome

38
Q

three copies of chromosome 21; 2 at chromosome 21 location and another on chromosome 14

A

familial down syndrome

39
Q

number of chromosomes in primary down syndrome

A

47

40
Q

number of chromosomes in familial down syndrome

A

46

41
Q

familial down syndrome occurs because of a

A

robertsonian translocation

42
Q

a carrier for familial down syndrome had ___ chromosomes

A

45

43
Q

How many copies of chromosome 21 does a carrier of familial down syndrome have?

A

2

44
Q

A carrier for familial down syndrome mates with a normal parent out of live births, what are the probabilities?

A

1/3 carrier, 1/3 normal, 1/3 down syndrome

45
Q

polyploidy in the same species

A

autopolyploidy

46
Q

polyploidy in different species

A

allopolyploidy

47
Q

triploid =

A

3n

48
Q

True or False: polyploidy conditions end in PLOID

A

True

BIO 2306 (18 decks)

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