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BIO 2306 > Ch. 12 DNA Replication and Recombination > Flashcards

Ch. 12 DNA Replication and Recombination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Replication results in a random mix of old and new DNA in two daughter DNA’s

A

dispersive

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2
Q

Replication results in one completely new DNA and one completely old DNA

A

conservative

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3
Q

Replication results in two DNA molecules where each molecule has one old and one new strand

A

semiconservative

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4
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

semiconservative

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5
Q

The location where DNA begins

A

origin of replication

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6
Q

Has one replication bubble?

A

theta

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7
Q

Has many replication bubbles?

A

linear

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8
Q

Used for circular chromosomes?

A

theta

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9
Q

Is linear replication unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

bidirectional

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10
Q

True or False: Eukaryotes use linear DNA replication

A

True

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11
Q

What are the requirements of replication?

A

single-strand DNA template
dNTP’s
enzymes

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12
Q

To which end of DNA is the new nucleotide added?

A

3’

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13
Q

What group at the 3’ is the most important?

A

OH

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14
Q

DNA is…

A

antiparallel
complementary
made from 5’ to 3’

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15
Q

What bond is in the backbone of DNA?

A

phosphodiester

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16
Q

Which direction is the template strand read?

A

3’ to 5’

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17
Q

Which direction is the new strand being made?

A

5’ to 3’

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18
Q

leading strand=

A

continuous

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19
Q

lagging strand=

A

discontinuous

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20
Q

If the new strand goes 5’ to 3’ into the fork…

A

leading

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21
Q

If the new strand goes 5’ to 3’ away from the fork…

A

lagging

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22
Q

What small fragments are formed on the lagging strand?

A

Okazaki

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23
Q

What enzyme adds new nucleotides to the DNA strand?

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

What enzyme fuses the Okazaki fragments?

A

ligase

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25
Q

What enzyme relieves strain?

A

topoisomerase/gyrase

26
Q

What enzyme unwinds the DNA?

A

helicase

27
Q

What is the order of bacteria replication?

A

initiation
unwinding
elongation
termination

28
Q

What binds to the DNA to prevent the DNA from forming hairpins?

A

single-strand binding proteins

29
Q

True or False: In bacteria, DNA polymerase starts the synthesis of the new strand

A

False

30
Q

In bacteria, what starts the synthesis of the new strand?

A

primase with RNA primer

31
Q

What is primase?

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

Why is a primer required?

A

adds a 3’ OH

33
Q

What does exonuclease activity mean?

A

removing nucleotides

34
Q

What does polymerase activity mean?

A

adding nucleotides

35
Q

5’ to 3’ polymerase activity…

A

DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III

36
Q

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

A

DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III

37
Q

5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

A

DNA polymerase I

38
Q

Main function is DNA repair

A

DNA polymerase II
DNA polymerase IV
DNA polymerase V

39
Q

What is the main function of DNA polymerase I?

A

replacing RNA primer

40
Q

What is the main function of DNA polymerase III?

A

elongation

41
Q

What enzyme connects the replaces primer to new strand?

A

ligase

42
Q

Which of the following are examples of DNA replication being high accurate?

A

nucleotide selection
proofreading
mismatch

43
Q

DNA polymerase alpha

A

primase activity

44
Q

DNA polymerase delta

A

lagging strand synthesis

45
Q

DNA polymerase epsilon

A

leading strand synthesis

46
Q

True or False: circular chromosomes have telomeres

A

False

47
Q

In linear chromosomes, DNA replication leaves gapes at the end of a chromosome, causing shortening over time

A

the end replication problem

48
Q

True or False: telomerase solves the end replication in all eukaryotic cells

A

False

49
Q

What cells does telomerase operate in?

A

germ cells (gametes)
bone marrow cells

50
Q

What template is used in extending telomeres?

A

RNA template

51
Q

Which strand of the DNA does telomerase extend?

A

G rich

52
Q

Identify what would happen if the following mutation occured: single-strand binding proteins are degraded

A

hairpins

53
Q

Identify what would happen if the following mutation occured: helicase is deactivated

A

replication

54
Q

Identify what would happen if the following mutation occured: topoisomerase/gyrase is functioning slower than usual

A

DNA would replicate more slowly

55
Q

A woman goes to the doctor for her annual checkup. After noticing some concerning signs, the doctor decides to do a DNA analysis of many different cells. DNA is extracted from her skin, liver, and stomach tissue. The DNA is then analyzed. The results found that every DNA molecule was different lengths, and they all ended in a guanine nucleotide. In addition one strand was usually longer than the other. What could explain these results?

A

G nucleotides are missing 3’ OH

56
Q

A student works in a lab and is analyzing DNA samples from mice. He notices that there are locations in the DNA that do not have phosphodiester bonds. What could explain these results?

A

Okazaki fragments not fused

57
Q

Describe the effect of the following mutations: helicase stops working halfway through replication

A

replication bubble cannot continue

58
Q

Describe the effect of the following mutations: primase is not functional

A

there will only be on the DNA

59
Q

Describe the effect of the following mutations: DNA polymerase III is degraded

A

only primers will be on the DNA

60
Q

Describe the effect of the following mutations: DNA polymerase I can no longer bind to DNA

A

there will be a mix of DNA and RNA

61
Q

Describe the effect of the following mutations: DNA polymerase delta is working extremely fast

A

lagging strand os being formed quickly

BIO 2306 (18 decks)

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