Ch. 3 Basic Principles of Heredity Flashcards
When an individual contains two of the same alleles (AA or aa)
homozygous
When an individual contains one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa)
heterozygous
What is the genetic makeup of an organism?
genotype
What are the observable characteristics of an individual?
phenotype
When a phenotypically dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
test cross
The chromosome inherited from mom separates from the chromosome inherited from dad when forming gametes (sex cells)
principle of segregation
P generation cross
AA x aa
F1 generation cross
Aa x Aa
Genotypic ratio in F2 generation
1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio of F2 generation
3:1
If A is brown and a is blue, what phenotype will Aa have?
brown
What does the word ‘and’ mean with probabilities?
multiply
What does the word ‘or’ mean with probabilities?
add
Additional information that causes you to narrow down the probabilities
conditional probability
Do this when there are multiple offspring and the order is not given
binomial expansion
What looks at only one trait?
monohybrid cross
What looks at the inheritance of two traits?
dihybrid cross
What is the phenotypic ratio of two heterozygotes in dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
Alleles at different loci separate independently
principle of independent assortment
What test is used to indicate the probability that the difference between observed and expected events is due to change?
chi-square
True or False: the higher the chi-square value, the more likely the results were due to chance
False
True or False: the higher the p value, the more likely the results were due to chance
True
Which p-value is the value we like to use for determining if it was to chance?
0.05
degrees of freedom
number of genotypes - 1