Ch. 15 The Genetic Code and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

3 groups that are in every amino acid…

A

NH3+
COO-
H

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2
Q

This type of bond joins amino acids together

A

peptide

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3
Q

peptide bonds are made through

A

dehydration synthesis

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4
Q

True or False: proteins can have a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary level of structure

A

True

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5
Q

A group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA

A

codon

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6
Q

What property allows for more than one codon to code for the same amino acid?

A

degenerate

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7
Q

How do you use the codon chart?

A

mRNA; 5’ to 3’

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8
Q

What describes the situation where the pairing at the third codon position is relaxed?

A

wobble

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9
Q

The codon and anticodon are ___ and ___

A

antiparallel
complementary

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10
Q

mRNA is read by the ribosome from…

A

5’ to 3’

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11
Q

What does not code for an amino acid and signal the end of translation?

A

stop/termination codon

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12
Q

True or False: The codon chart we use applies universally with no exceptions

A

False

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13
Q

The 5’ end of the mRNa matches to the ___ terminus of the protein

A

N

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14
Q

Order of translation

A

tRNA charging
initiation
elongation
termination

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15
Q

Where does the amino acid bind to tRNA

A

acceptor stem

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16
Q

What enzyme provides the specificity in tRNA charging?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

17
Q

tRNA charging is the process of adding amino acids to the tRNA

A

True

18
Q

What is a highly conserved sequence in bacteria on the mRNA 5’ UTR?

A

shine-dalgarno sequence

19
Q

What subunit of the ribosmoe has a portion that is complementary to the shine-dalgarno sequence?

A

small subunit

20
Q

The first tRNA binds to the ___ site

A

P

21
Q

all the other tRNA’s bind to the ___ site

A

A

22
Q

What direction do the tRNA’s move in?

A

A to P to E

23
Q

Which ribosomal subunit has enzymatic abilities and catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond?

A

large

24
Q

The peptide bond is formed between the ___ and ___ sites

A

A and P

25
Q

True or False in termination, a tRNA release factor binds to the A site

A

False

26
Q

In eukaryotes, what features help the ribosome bind to mRNA?

A

5’ cap
poly(A) tail

27
Q

True or False: after translation, the protein may undergo further modifications

A

True

28
Q

describe the effect of the following mutations on translation: amino-acyl-tRNA-synthetase begins binding amino acids and tRNA randomly

A

codons no longer match amino acids

29
Q

describe the effect of the following mutations on translation: the shine-dalgarno sequence is mutated

A

small subunit cannot bind mRNA in prokaryotes

30
Q

describe the effect of the following mutations on translation: the large subunit loses its enzymatic activity

A

no peptide bonds

31
Q

describe the effect of the following mutations on translation: release factor cannot bind to the ribosome

A

peptide not released

32
Q

describe the effect of the following mutations on translation: cap binding proteins are mutated

A

subunits cannot bind mRNA in eukaryotes