ch 8

Question 1

4 types of renal diseases

Answer 1

glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular

Question 2

glomerular disease

Question 3

tubular disease

Question 4

interstitial disease

Question 5

vascular disease

Question 6

primary vs secondary glomerular diseases

Answer 6

primary (only involve kidney)

secondary (typically systemic)

Question 7

primary glomerular diseases examples

Answer 7

acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephirits, IgA nephropathy

Question 8

secondary glomerular diseases examples

Answer 8

diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus, and amyloidosis

Question 9

morphological changes in glomerulus that cause diseases

Answer 9

cell proliferation
leukocytic infiltration
glomerular basement thickening
hyalinization of glomeruli

Question 10

clinical features of glomerular diseases

Answer 10

hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension

Question 11

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

heavy proteinuria, lipiduria, hyperlipidemia, edema, mild hematuria,

Question 12

typical findings of acute, chronic, and nephrotic syndrome

Answer 12

A: mild protein; increased RBCs, WBCs, and RBC casts
C: heavy protein (2.5); increased RBcs, WBCs, and waxy, broad casts
N: severe protein (3.5); lipiduria (oval fat) and fatty/waxy casts

Question 13

IgA nephropathy

Answer 13

deposition of IgA in glomeruli that causes cellular proliferation

Question 14

acute vs chronic glomerulonephritis morphologic changes in glomeruli

Answer 14

A: cell proliferation and leukocytic infiltration

C: hyalinized glomeruli

Question 15

lupus

Answer 15

most patients require kidney transplant

Question 16

diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

thickening of glomerular basement membrane is evident through electron microscopy

Question 17

amyloidosis

Answer 17

group of systemic diseases caused by build up of amyloid protein –> heavy proteinuria

Question 18

tubular diseases and their differences

Answer 18

ischemic: sepsis, shock that causes lack of blood flow to kidney

toxic: exposure to nephrotoxic agents (inhaled, absorbed or ingested) –> endogenous vs exogenous

Question 19

fanconis syndrome

Answer 19

disease marked by loss of proximal tubular function
–> moderate protein, and positive glucose (unremarkable RBCS WBCS AND CASTS)
–> excretion of glucose, water, phosphorus, potassium and calcium

Question 20

tubulointerstitial diseases

Answer 20

UTIs and yeast infections most common, acute interstital nephritis

Question 21

acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 21

presence of leukocytes and eosinophils

Question 22

causes of tubulointerstitial diseases

Answer 22

transplant rejection, neoplasms, multiple myeloma

Question 23

UTIs

Answer 23

either upper (pyelitis) or lower (cystitis)

Question 24

acute vs chronic renal failure

Answer 24

acute: sudden decrease in GFR (functional abnormality)

chronic: progressive loss of renal function

Question 25

composition of renal calculi

Answer 25

calcium

Question 26

4 factors that influence calculi formation

Answer 26

supersaturation of chemical salts
optimal pH
urinary stasis
crystal formation

Question 27

amino acid disorders

Answer 27

cystinosis, cystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, phenylkentonuria, alkaptonuria, tyrosinuria, melanuria

Question 28

diabetes insipidus

Answer 28

polyuria
nephrogenic diabetes –> caused by lack of response to vasopressin

Question 29

porphyrias

Answer 29

disorders associated with accumulation of porphyrin, heme synthesis pathway
–> caused by lead poisoning