ch 8 Flashcards
4 types of renal diseases
glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular
glomerular disease
tubular disease
interstitial disease
vascular disease
primary vs secondary glomerular diseases
primary (only involve kidney)
secondary (typically systemic)
primary glomerular diseases examples
acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephirits, IgA nephropathy
secondary glomerular diseases examples
diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus, and amyloidosis
morphological changes in glomerulus that cause diseases
cell proliferation
leukocytic infiltration
glomerular basement thickening
hyalinization of glomeruli
clinical features of glomerular diseases
hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension
nephrotic syndrome
heavy proteinuria, lipiduria, hyperlipidemia, edema, mild hematuria,
typical findings of acute, chronic, and nephrotic syndrome
A: mild protein; increased RBCs, WBCs, and RBC casts
C: heavy protein (2.5); increased RBcs, WBCs, and waxy, broad casts
N: severe protein (3.5); lipiduria (oval fat) and fatty/waxy casts
IgA nephropathy
deposition of IgA in glomeruli that causes cellular proliferation
acute vs chronic glomerulonephritis morphologic changes in glomeruli
A: cell proliferation and leukocytic infiltration
C: hyalinized glomeruli
lupus
most patients require kidney transplant
diabetes mellitus
thickening of glomerular basement membrane is evident through electron microscopy
amyloidosis
group of systemic diseases caused by build up of amyloid protein –> heavy proteinuria
tubular diseases and their differences
ischemic: sepsis, shock that causes lack of blood flow to kidney
toxic: exposure to nephrotoxic agents (inhaled, absorbed or ingested) –> endogenous vs exogenous
fanconis syndrome
disease marked by loss of proximal tubular function
–> moderate protein, and positive glucose (unremarkable RBCS WBCS AND CASTS)
–> excretion of glucose, water, phosphorus, potassium and calcium
tubulointerstitial diseases
UTIs and yeast infections most common, acute interstital nephritis
acute interstitial nephritis
presence of leukocytes and eosinophils
causes of tubulointerstitial diseases
transplant rejection, neoplasms, multiple myeloma
UTIs
either upper (pyelitis) or lower (cystitis)
acute vs chronic renal failure
acute: sudden decrease in GFR (functional abnormality)
chronic: progressive loss of renal function
composition of renal calculi
calcium
4 factors that influence calculi formation
supersaturation of chemical salts
optimal pH
urinary stasis
crystal formation
amino acid disorders
cystinosis, cystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, phenylkentonuria, alkaptonuria, tyrosinuria, melanuria
diabetes insipidus
polyuria
nephrogenic diabetes –> caused by lack of response to vasopressin
porphyrias
disorders associated with accumulation of porphyrin, heme synthesis pathway
–> caused by lead poisoning
