ch 8

Question 1

types of renal diseases

Answer 1

glomerular
tubular
interstitial
vascular

Question 2

glomerular diseases

Answer 2

damage glomeruli
–>immune mediated

Question 3

tubular diseases are

Answer 3

result of toxic or infectious substance

Question 4

interstitial diseases are

Answer 4

result from toxic or infectious substances

Question 5

vascular diseases are

Answer 5

caused by a reduction in renal perfusion

Question 6

secondary glomerular diseases

Answer 6

systemic diseases that initially and principally involve other organs but also affect kidney

Question 7

primary glomerular disease

Answer 7

kidney is the only organ involved (glomerulonephritis)

Question 8

changes in glomerulus

Answer 8

1.cellular proliferation (increased number of cells in tuft)
2. leukocytic infiltration (neutrophils and macrophages attracted by chemotactic response)
3. glomerular basement thickening
4. hyalinization with sclerosis

Question 9

clinical features of glomerular diseases

Answer 9

hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia (elevated urea), edema, hypertension

Question 10

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 10

clinical features that occur together
includes: proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, edema
–>fatty with epithelial casts

Question 11

types of glomerulonephritis

Answer 11

acute/chronic, minimal change disease, immunoglobulin A nephropathy

Question 12

systemic diseases and glomerular damage

Answer 12

Lupus, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis

Question 13

tubular diseases

Answer 13

acute tubular necrosis (ischemic and toxic) and tubular dysfunction (fanconis syndrome)

Question 14

tubulointerstitial disease

Answer 14

UTIs, acute/chronic pyelonephritis, yeast infections

Question 15

acute renal failure

Answer 15

sudden decrease in glomerular filtration, azotemia, and oliguria
–> only functional abnormality

Question 16

chronic renal failure

Answer 16

progressive loss of renal function due to hypertrophy of heathy nephrons
–> azotemia , acid-base imbalance

Question 17

renal calculi

Answer 17

kidney stones –> aggregates of mineral salt in matrix of proteins and lipids
(mainly calcium

Question 18

4 factors that influence calculi formation

Answer 18

1. supersaturation of chemical salts in urine
2. optimal urinary pH
3. urinary stasis
4. nucleation or original crystal formation

Question 19

amino acid metabolism disorders

Answer 19

cystinosis/cystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, phenylketonuria

Question 20

what is used to screen substances produced in metabolic disorders

Answer 20

tandem mass spectrometry