ch. 5 pt 2

Question 1

normal color of urine is

Answer 1

yellow (either dark or pale depending on concentration)

Question 2

why is urine yellow

Answer 2

urochrome

Question 3

substances that change urine color

Answer 3

blood/myoglobin
bilirubin
porphyrins
melanin
indican
homogentisic acid

Question 4

blood in urine color

Answer 4

pink or red

Question 5

bilirubin in urine color

Answer 5

dark yellow/amber

Question 6

porphyrins in urine color

Answer 6

red/purple

Question 7

melanin in urine color

Answer 7

dark brown/black

Question 8

indican in urine color

Answer 8

blue/green

Question 9

homogenistic acid in urine colro

Answer 9

dark brown/black

Question 10

ingested substances that change urine color

Answer 10

medications, dyes, vitamins, pigmented foods

Question 11

foam in normal urine

Answer 11

produces when shaken and rapidly dissipates

Question 12

stable white foam indicates

Answer 12

large amounts of albumin

Question 13

yellow foam indicates

Answer 13

increased bilirubin

Question 14

cloudiness in urine

Answer 14

suspended particulate matter that scatters light

Question 15

causes of cloudiness

Answer 15

contamination from skin, vaginal secretions, bacterial growth, or fecal material

precipitation of dissolved solutes

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, clots

Question 16

odor in urine

Answer 16

becomes odorous due to bacterial conversion of urea to ammonia

Question 17

ketones produce what odor

Answer 17

sweet or fruity smell

Question 18

concentration of urine

Answer 18

normally consists of 94% water and 6% solutes

Question 19

specific gravity of urine

Answer 19

urine density to density of an equal volume of pure water
–>typically 1.035 - 1.040
–>greater density = greater specific gravity

Question 20

refractometry

Answer 20

ratio of light refraction in two differing media
–> number of solutes increasing, decreases light velocity

Question 21

factors that affect refractive index

Answer 21

wavelength of light used, temperature of solution, concentration of solution

Question 22

osmolality normal urine values

Answer 22

275-900 mOsm/kg

Question 23

principle uses of osmolality

Answer 23

evaluate renal concentrating ability of kidneys, monitor renal disease, monitor fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 24

freezing point osmometry

Answer 24

pure water freezes at 0 degrees C and adding 1 osmole of solute decreases freezing point by 1.86

Question 25

vapor pressure osometry

Answer 25

unable to measure volatile solutes

Question 26

normal volume of urine

Answer 26

600 to 1800 mL/day

Question 27

isothernia

Answer 27

inability of kidneys to change specific gravity of plasma ultrafiltrate (1.010)

Question 28

polyuria

Answer 28

excretion of greater than 3L/day

Question 29

oliguria

Answer 29

excretion of less than 400mL/day

Question 30

anuria

Answer 30

complete lack of urine