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Ecology of Mammals > Ch. 7 - Foods and Feeding > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Foods and Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + O2

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2
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

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4
Q

Where does respiration happen in all organisms’ cells?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

This is the amount of heat released by the body’s chemical reactions

A

Metabolic rate

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6
Q

How many kJ of energy per molecule of glucose are produced?

A

2870 kJ

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7
Q

How many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of glucose?

A

6

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8
Q

How many kJ of energy per fat molecule are produced?

A

10,042 kJ

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9
Q

How many kJ of energy are produced per liter of oxygen?

A

20.1 kJ

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10
Q

Metabolic rate equals this rate

A

Rate of O2 consumption

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11
Q

What four aspects of a species does metabolic rate influence?

A
  1. Activity levels, 2. Competitive abilities, 3. Environment type occupied, 4. Evolutionary success
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12
Q

What six factors affect metabolic rate?

A
  1. Activity, 2. Climate, 3. Nutritional habits, 4. Phylogeny, 5. Anatomy/physiology, 6. Body size (mass)
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13
Q

What happens to metabolic rate when activity increases?

A

Metabolic rate increases

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14
Q

What kind of climate environments produce higher metabolic rates?

A

Extreme environments (hot, cold, dry, etc.)

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15
Q

What type of nutritional habit results in the lowest metabolic rate?

A

Foliovory

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16
Q

What type of nutritional habit results in the highest metabolic rate?

A

Nectarivory

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17
Q

What group of mammals has the lowest metabolic rate?

A

Marsupials

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18
Q

What group of endotherms has the highest metabolic rate?

A

Flight birds

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19
Q

Which has a higher metabolic rate: endotherms, or exotherms?

A

Endotherms

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20
Q

What five anatomical/physiological factors influence metabolic rate?

A
  1. Heart rate, 2. Heart size, 3. Lung size, 4. Hematocrit, 5. Density of mitochondria
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21
Q

What is the most important overall determining factor of metabolic rate?

A

Body mass

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22
Q

What is the Kleiber equation?

A

VO2/Mb (Volume of O2 consumption divided by body mass)

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23
Q

What slope does the Kleiber equation consistently give?

A

0.75

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24
Q

Do most mammals fall near the slope of 0.75 for the Kleiber equation?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is mass specific metabolic rate?

A

The metabolic rate divided by a unit of mass

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26
Q

What are two animals used at either end of the mass specific metabolic rate graph?

A

Shrew and elephant

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27
Q

Do shrews have higher mass specific metabolic rates than elephants?

A

Yes

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28
Q

If a shrew was scaled up to the size of an elephant, would it require more energy input than the elephant?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What are the six main features of the mammalian digestive anatomy?

A
  1. Esophagus, 2. Stomach, 3. Small intestine, 4. Cecum, 5. Large intestine, 6. Rectum
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30
Q

Mammals with this feeding strategy feed on arthropods

A

Insectivory

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31
Q

What are five examples of mammals that are insectivores?

A

Shrews, moles, bats, armadillo, anteaters

32
Q

What are two skull adaptations of carnivores?

A

Masseter muscle and carnassial teeth

33
Q

This feeding strategy results in a high protein diet, high digestive efficiency, and is highly developed

A

Carnivory

33
Q

This feeding strategy has high food availability

A

Herbivory

34
Q

Does herbivory have high energy and nutrient content?

A

No

35
Q

What tooth/jaw feature do herbivores have?

A

Diastema

36
Q

This feeding strategy involves long intestines and a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms

A

Herbivory

37
Q

What are two ways baby herbivores are inoculated with symbiotic microorganisms?

A

By ingesting maternal feces or soil

38
Q

What are the two major herbivory strategies for digestion?

A

Foregut fermentation and hindgut fermentation

39
Q

Which herbivory strategy employs a four-chambered stomach?

A

Foregut fermentation

40
Q

What is it called when foregut fermenters regurgitate food with enzymes?

A

Rumination

41
Q

How many times do foregut fermenters ruminate?

A

Twice (digastric)

42
Q

In order, what are the four chambers of a foregut fermenter’s stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

43
Q

Which chamber of a ruminant’s stomach is the primary site of microbial fermentation?

A

Rumen

44
Q

Which chamber of a ruminant’s stomach is where rumination takes place?

A

Reticulum

45
Q

In this chamber of a ruminant’s stomach, fermentation microbes are killed

A

Abomasum

46
Q

What percentage of cellulose do foregut fermenters utilize?

A

60%

47
Q

How long is foregut fermenters’ passage rate?

A

80 hours

48
Q

What are five groups of mammals that use foregut fermentation?

A

Cervids, bovids, camels, giraffes, kangaroos

49
Q

What are three advantages to foregut fermentation?

A
  1. Greater efficiency; 2. Feed in open, ruminate in cover; 3. Microbes destroyed early
50
Q

What are four advantages to hindgut fermentation?

A
  1. Rapid digestion; 2. Rapid absorption; 3. Can feed on poor range; 4. Unaffected by anti-metabolites
51
Q

What are three disadvantages to foregut fermentation?

A
  1. Long digestive period; 2. Require quality forage; 3. Affected by antimetabolites
52
Q

What are three disadvantages of hindgut fermentation?

A
  1. Poor nutrient extraction; 2. Large quantities of forage needed; 3. Consume forage quickly
53
Q

Which type of fermenter uses coprophagy?

A

Hindgut fermenters

54
Q

What are three groups of mammals that use coprophagy?

A

Rabbits, rodents and shrews

55
Q

What type of feces do coprophages eat?

A

Cecal pellets

56
Q

What do granivores eat?

A

Seeds

57
Q

What are four adaptations to granivory?

A

Cheek pouches, cacheing behavior, keen smell, keen memory

58
Q

What are three examples of granivorous animals?

A

Kangaroo rats, pocket gophers, and pocket mice

59
Q

What type of environments are granivores typically found in?

A

Xeric environments

60
Q

What do granivores rely on from their food in xeric environments?

A

Nutritional moisture

61
Q

What are folivores?

A

Leaf eaters

62
Q

What are four examples of folivorous mammal groups?

A

Sloths, primates, koalas, and pandas

63
Q

What are two disadvantages to folivory?

A

Poor nutritional value of leaves and presence of antimetabolites in leaves

64
Q

What is a major physical adaptation of folivores?

A

Opposable appendages

65
Q

What are three adaptations to nectarivory?

A
  1. Degenerative teeth; 2. Elongated, narrow rostrum; 3. Elongated, feathery tongue
66
Q

What is the typical makeup of a nectarivore’s diet?

A

High carbohydrate and low protein

67
Q

What do nectarivores get their protein from?

A

Pollen

68
Q

To what two environment types are nectarivorous mammals important pollinators?

A

Tropical and desert environments

69
Q

What are two examples of plants that depend on nectarivorous mammals?

A

Agave and saguaro

70
Q

What kind of dentition do omnivores have?

A

Diverse dentition

71
Q

Do omnivores typically have a long or short small intestine?

A

Long small intestine

72
Q

What type of mammals tend to be piscivorous?

A

Marine mammals

73
Q

What adaptation do filter feeding mammals have?

A

Baleen teeth

74
Q

What are baleen teeth made of?

A

Keratin

Ecology of Mammals (21 decks)

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