Ch. 25 & 27 - Populations and Communities

Question 1

This is a group of individuals of the same species in the same place and time

Answer 1

Population

Question 2

What are the two types of population growth?

Answer 2

Exponential and logistic

Question 3

What is the equation for exponential growth?

Answer 3

dN/dt = rN

Question 4

What does N stand for in the exponential growth equation?

Answer 4

Population size

Question 5

What does r stand for in the exponential growth equation?

Answer 5

Intrinsic rate of increase

Question 6

What is the intrinsic rate of increase?

Answer 6

The inherent ability of an animal to reproduce

Question 7

What are seven factors of the intrinsic rate of increase of a species?

Answer 7

1. Animal size; 2. Natality (birth rate); 3. Mortality; 4. Fecundity; 5. Age of sexual maturity; 6. Sex ratios; 7. Length of gestation

Question 8

What is the equation of logistic growth?

Answer 8

dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)

Question 9

What does K stand for in the logistic growth equation?

Answer 9

Carrying capacity

Question 10

This is the maximum number of individuals that a habitat type can support

Answer 10

Carrying capacity

Question 11

What are five types of resources that affect carrying capacity?

Answer 11

Nutrients, water, nesting, forage, denning

Question 12

What are the two types of population regulation?

Answer 12

Density-independent and density-dependent population regulation

Question 13

In this type of population regulation, a population grows no matter how large or small it may become

Answer 13

Density-independent population regulation

Question 14

What are two types of mammals that come closest to experiencing exponential growth and have density-independent populations?

Answer 14

Rodents and ungulates

Question 15

What are two factors that can regulate density-independent populations?

Answer 15

Catastrophic events, habitat destruction

Question 16

What are four examples of catastrophic events that can regulate density-independent populations?

Answer 16

Fire, flood, storms, drought

Question 17

In this type of population regulation, population size directly affects the birth rate or death rate of the population

Answer 17

Density-dependent population regulation

Question 18

Do most mammals have density-dependent population regulation?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What are six density-dependent population regulation factors?

Answer 19

1. Intraspecific competition; 2. Social aggression; 3. Predation pressure; 4. Increased stress; 5. Increased parasite load; 6. Disease

Question 20

This occurs when two or more individuals/species attempt to utilize a common essential resource at the same time

Answer 20

Competition

Question 21

What are the four types of competition?

Answer 21

Intraspecific, interspecific, exploitive, and interference competition

Question 22

In this type of competition, conspecifics compete for resources

Answer 22

Intraspecific competition

Question 23

Can intraspecific competition be socially intense?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Is intraspecific competition low in density-dependent populations?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Intraspecific competition plays a central role in this

Answer 25

Population regulation

Question 26

Intraspecific competition is critical to this process

Answer 26

Evolution by natural selection

Question 27

This type of competition occurs between heterospecifics

Answer 27

Interspecific competition

Question 28

Interspecific competition results in this

Answer 28

Adaptation/specialization

Question 29

Does interspecific competition regulate the populations of all species involved?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

In this type of competition, the use of a resource by one species is so efficient that it reduces its availability to another species

Answer 30

Exploitive competition

Question 31

What is an example of a pairing of species with an exploitive competition relationship?

Answer 31

Coyote and swift/kit fox

Question 32

In this type of competition, one competitor physically interferes or denies access to a resource by another

Answer 32

Interference competition

Question 33

What are three examples of interference competition relationships?

Answer 33

Wolves/coyotes, cats/hyenas, male mammals/harems

Question 34

This is the role that a particular organism has in a community

Answer 34

Niche

Question 35

These are species with a wide niche breath

Answer 35

Generalists

Question 36

These are species with a narrow niche breadth

Answer 36

Specialist

Question 37

This states that two species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy the same niche

Answer 37

Competitive exclusion principle

Question 38

Similar species needing similar resources will be this

Answer 38

Competitors

Question 39

Are coexisting species strong competitors?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Can strong competitors coexist?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

This is a dominant predator on many other species within a community

Answer 41

Keystone predator

Question 42

Are keystone predators essential in maintaining community diversity?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

In this model, population fluctuations in prey result in similar fluctuations in predators with a time lag

Answer 43

Lotka-Volterra Model

Question 44

In the Lotka-Volterra model, this will grow exponentially when the predator is absent

Answer 44

Prey population

Question 45

Hunting and trapping has resulted in extirpation of these two North American predators

Answer 45

Grey wolf and mountain lion

Question 46

This North American predator species has proliferated in the absence of mountain lions and wolves

Answer 46

Coyote

Question 47

What percentage of coyotes are removed annually?

Answer 47

30%

Question 48

In how many states are coyotes removed?

Answer 48

13

Question 49

These two chemicals are used to control coyotes

Answer 49

Compound 1080 (Strychnine) and M-44 (sodium cyanide)

Question 50

What percentage of coyotes must be killed annually to exterminate them in 50 years?

Answer 50

75%

Question 51

This type of mammal has proliferated with the elimination of larger carnivores and increased edge

Answer 51

Mesomammals

Question 52

What are five examples of mesomammals that proliferated with increased edge and top predator control?

Answer 52

Fox, raccoon, skunk, opossum, bobcat

Question 53

Proliferation of mesomammals has had a high impact on this type of animal

Answer 53

Ground-nesting birds