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Ecology of Mammals > Ch. 25 & 27 - Populations and Communities > Flashcards

Ch. 25 & 27 - Populations and Communities Flashcards

1
Q

This is a group of individuals of the same species in the same place and time

A

Population

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2
Q

What are the two types of population growth?

A

Exponential and logistic

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3
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth?

A

dN/dt = rN

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4
Q

What does N stand for in the exponential growth equation?

A

Population size

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5
Q

What does r stand for in the exponential growth equation?

A

Intrinsic rate of increase

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6
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of increase?

A

The inherent ability of an animal to reproduce

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7
Q

What are seven factors of the intrinsic rate of increase of a species?

A
  1. Animal size; 2. Natality (birth rate); 3. Mortality; 4. Fecundity; 5. Age of sexual maturity; 6. Sex ratios; 7. Length of gestation
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8
Q

What is the equation of logistic growth?

A

dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)

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9
Q

What does K stand for in the logistic growth equation?

A

Carrying capacity

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10
Q

This is the maximum number of individuals that a habitat type can support

A

Carrying capacity

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11
Q

What are five types of resources that affect carrying capacity?

A

Nutrients, water, nesting, forage, denning

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12
Q

What are the two types of population regulation?

A

Density-independent and density-dependent population regulation

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13
Q

In this type of population regulation, a population grows no matter how large or small it may become

A

Density-independent population regulation

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14
Q

What are two types of mammals that come closest to experiencing exponential growth and have density-independent populations?

A

Rodents and ungulates

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15
Q

What are two factors that can regulate density-independent populations?

A

Catastrophic events, habitat destruction

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16
Q

What are four examples of catastrophic events that can regulate density-independent populations?

A

Fire, flood, storms, drought

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17
Q

In this type of population regulation, population size directly affects the birth rate or death rate of the population

A

Density-dependent population regulation

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18
Q

Do most mammals have density-dependent population regulation?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are six density-dependent population regulation factors?

A
  1. Intraspecific competition; 2. Social aggression; 3. Predation pressure; 4. Increased stress; 5. Increased parasite load; 6. Disease
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20
Q

This occurs when two or more individuals/species attempt to utilize a common essential resource at the same time

A

Competition

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21
Q

What are the four types of competition?

A

Intraspecific, interspecific, exploitive, and interference competition

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22
Q

In this type of competition, conspecifics compete for resources

A

Intraspecific competition

23
Q

Can intraspecific competition be socially intense?

A

Yes

24
Q

Is intraspecific competition low in density-dependent populations?

A

No

25
Q

Intraspecific competition plays a central role in this

A

Population regulation

26
Q

Intraspecific competition is critical to this process

A

Evolution by natural selection

27
Q

This type of competition occurs between heterospecifics

A

Interspecific competition

28
Q

Interspecific competition results in this

A

Adaptation/specialization

29
Q

Does interspecific competition regulate the populations of all species involved?

A

Yes

30
Q

In this type of competition, the use of a resource by one species is so efficient that it reduces its availability to another species

A

Exploitive competition

31
Q

What is an example of a pairing of species with an exploitive competition relationship?

A

Coyote and swift/kit fox

32
Q

In this type of competition, one competitor physically interferes or denies access to a resource by another

A

Interference competition

33
Q

What are three examples of interference competition relationships?

A

Wolves/coyotes, cats/hyenas, male mammals/harems

34
Q

This is the role that a particular organism has in a community

A

Niche

35
Q

These are species with a wide niche breath

A

Generalists

36
Q

These are species with a narrow niche breadth

A

Specialist

37
Q

This states that two species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy the same niche

A

Competitive exclusion principle

38
Q

Similar species needing similar resources will be this

A

Competitors

39
Q

Are coexisting species strong competitors?

A

No

40
Q

Can strong competitors coexist?

A

No

41
Q

This is a dominant predator on many other species within a community

A

Keystone predator

42
Q

Are keystone predators essential in maintaining community diversity?

A

Yes

43
Q

In this model, population fluctuations in prey result in similar fluctuations in predators with a time lag

A

Lotka-Volterra Model

44
Q

In the Lotka-Volterra model, this will grow exponentially when the predator is absent

A

Prey population

45
Q

Hunting and trapping has resulted in extirpation of these two North American predators

A

Grey wolf and mountain lion

46
Q

This North American predator species has proliferated in the absence of mountain lions and wolves

A

Coyote

47
Q

What percentage of coyotes are removed annually?

A

30%

48
Q

In how many states are coyotes removed?

A

13

49
Q

These two chemicals are used to control coyotes

A

Compound 1080 (Strychnine) and M-44 (sodium cyanide)

50
Q

What percentage of coyotes must be killed annually to exterminate them in 50 years?

A

75%

51
Q

This type of mammal has proliferated with the elimination of larger carnivores and increased edge

A

Mesomammals

52
Q

What are five examples of mesomammals that proliferated with increased edge and top predator control?

A

Fox, raccoon, skunk, opossum, bobcat

53
Q

Proliferation of mesomammals has had a high impact on this type of animal

A

Ground-nesting birds

Ecology of Mammals (21 decks)

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