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psychology > Ch 6.2: Operant Conditioning: Learning Through Consequences > Flashcards

Ch 6.2: Operant Conditioning: Learning Through Consequences Flashcards

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1
Q

operant conditioning

A

Type of learning which behavior is influenced by consequences
(voluntary= speaking, listening, starting, stopping)

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2
Q

difference b/w classical and operant conditioning

A

condition= response is not required for a reward (US)

operant = response and consequence are required for learning to take place

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3
Q

what is reinforcement

A

Process in which an event/ reward that follows a response increases likelihood of that response occurring again (increases behavior)

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4
Q

what is punishment

A

Process that decreases future probability of a response or behavior (decrease behavior)

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5
Q

contingency

A

consequence depends upon an action

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6
Q

How did Thorndike discover law of effect

A

observed cats in puzzle box and learned that they were able to escape because cats learned which responses worked (pressing pedal on floor of box)

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7
Q

reinforcer

A

Stimulus that is contingent upon a response
Thus, increase probability of that response occurring again
Ex: food

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8
Q

Laboratory apparatus containing levers or keys that animal can manipulate

A

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

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9
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Praising good behavior
Ex: studying for an exam then getting good grade so studying behavior increase

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10
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Strengthening of a behavior b/c it removes or diminishes an aversive stimulus

Ex: parents giving in to a whining child
Study for exam then parents stop nagging you to study so studying behavior increases (removing/ avoiding nagging so you change behavior)

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11
Q

a learning that removes possibility that stimulus will occur

Ex: leaving event early to avoid crowd

A

Avoidance learning (increase behavior to avoid nagging)

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12
Q

a learning that removes a stimulus that is already present
Ex: covering ears at loud music
- Can’t avoid the loud music so u adapt a change to escape from the music

A

Escape learning (getting away from stimulus)

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13
Q

Positive punishment

A

Behavior decreases in frequency b/c it was followed by an unpleasant stimulus
ex: Spraying a water to cats who hops on kitchen counters (A stimulus is added)

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14
Q

Negative punishment

A

Behavior decrease b/c it removes a particular stimulus that individual would like to have

Consequence; something is taken away from you to decrease behavior that upset them

Ex: grounding a child: action removes some time of value to child (decrease getting in trouble)

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15
Q

what is Primary reinforcers

A

Reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs - affect individuals ability to survive and reproduce
Ex: food, water, shelter

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16
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value

Ex: money. Fb likes

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17
Q

cues from our environment to help us decided whether to perform a conditioned behavior

ex: Only asking to borrow parents car when they are in good mood (parents mood dictate whether u perform a behavior)

A

discriminative stimulus

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

Operant response is made to one discriminative stimulus but not to another even if they are similar

Ex: only asking to borrow car from father because u know he will let you and not mother

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19
Q

neurotransmitter linked with operant conditioning

A

dopamine

20
Q

how does extinction in classical conditioning differ from extinction in operant conditioning

A

In operant conditioning= extinction occurs when a response no longer results in reinforcement

classical conditioning= when the CS no longer produces a CR.

21
Q

2 ways reward devaluation was studied

A
  1. rats are trained to press 2 diff levers w/ diff rewards (one rat is pre=feed with one of the 2 tastes so reward is devalued and crave it less)
  2. making reward less appealing (one taste is paired with toxin so it reduces value)
22
Q

Linking together shaped behavior into more complex/ sequence of actions

A

Chaining

23
Q

what is shaping

A

step by step fashion until desired response is learned

24
Q

how is operant conditioning used with special needs

A

using prompts (asking child to stand up, gather silverware, stacking plates) and verbal rewards as each step is completed

25
Q

what is generalization

A

When operant response takes place to a new discriminative stimulus similar to the stimulus present during learning

Ex: petting a dog led to a child playing with the animal. Then they are more likely to pet other dogs

26
Q

what is Schedules of reinforcement

A

Rules that determine when reinforcement is available (may be available at higher predictable time or irregular)

27
Q

what is Partial reinforcement (intermittent reinforcement)

A

When only certain # of responses are awarded, or certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available
Phoning a friend

28
Q

what is Continuous reinforcement

A

When every response made results in reinforcement
Leads to rapid learning

ex: Vending machine when right amount of money is inserted

29
Q

what is discrimination

A

Operant response is made to one discriminative stimulus but not to another even if they are similar

Ex: only asking to borrow car from father because u know he will let you and not mother

30
Q

what is Delayed Reinforcement

A

Conditioning is stronger when reinforcement immediately follows behavior

Pigeons produced fewer responses when reinforcement was delayed

31
Q

There are 4 types of reinforcement schedules

A
  1. ratio schedule
  2. fixed schedule
  3. variable schedule
  4. interval schedule
32
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs following first response occurring after a set amount of time passes
- schedule remains same over time
ex: students studying increase during exam season

33
Q

Fixed Ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific # of responses have been completed
- based on amount of responding
ex: Rat may be required to press a lever 10 times to get food

34
Q

Variable - ratio

A

Number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to average

ex: Trials that require seven lever presses for reward to occur followed by 4 then 6 (slot machine)

35
Q

Variable- interval schedule

A

Reinforcement are based on amount of time b/w reinforcements, not on # of responses

ex: stargazing + meteor watching

36
Q

how do slot machine use reinforcement to trick people to gamble despite losing money

A

reinforcement, like the jackpot for a slot machine, is distributed only after a behavior is performed a certain number of times.

37
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

Organisms have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

ex: Ex: gambling, cheesy pick up lines, superstitions by athletes

38
Q

how does partial reinforcement linked with superstitions

A

a chance occurrence is linked with a positive outcome, which then increases the likelihood of repeating the behaviour.

39
Q

5 principles of punishment

A
  1. Severity
  2. Initial punishment level
  3. Contiguity
  4. Consistency
  5. Show alternative
40
Q

Severity

A

Proportional to offence
Ex; small fine for parking illegally

41
Q

Initial punishment level

A

Has to be strong to lessen likelihood of offence occurring again

42
Q

Contiguity

A

Effective when occurs immediately after behavior
Ex; criminals not sentenced after months and kids not grounded until hours later

Delays in punishment reduce effectiveness

43
Q

Consistency

A

Punishment should apply consistently
Ex; punishing teen for breaking curfew consistently

44
Q

Show alternatives

A

More successful punishment; individuals is clear on how reinforcement can be obtained by engaging in appropriate behaviours

45
Q

How does partial reinforcement effect superstitious behaviour

A

superstition is a form of reinforcement, a linking of a behaviour and a response that is formed in your mind.

psychology (17 decks)

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