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Psychology > Ch 12: Personality > Flashcards

Ch 12: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Idiographic personality and example

A

Focusing on creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics

Ex: when nominating a favorite prof for leadership award, u write about their positive (or neg) traits/ experiences u had with them

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2
Q

Nomothetic personality and example

A

Examine personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

Ex: study that uses data from a large number of people to identify general trends in human behavior

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3
Q

What is personality trait

A

Describes a specific characteristic that makes up part of a persons personality
= how that person is most of the time

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4
Q

How is factor analysis used in study of personality

A

Used to group items that people respond to similarly
Ex: friendly, warm, kind = friendliness

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5
Q

What is the 5 factor model of personality (OCEAN)

A

FFM = trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using 5 major dimensions
= positive + negative traits

  1. Openness (creative, down to earth)
  2. Conscientiousness (organized, unrealiable/ lazy)
  3. Extraversion (social, reserved)
  4. Agreeableness (trusting, rude)
  5. Neuroticism (worried, emotionally stable)
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6
Q

What personality factor was added to the “big 5” as part of the HEXACO model of personality

A

Honesty-humility
High scoring (sincere, honest, modest)
Low scoring (deceitful, greedy, pompous)

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7
Q

What is HEXACO model of personality

A

A six factor theory that generally replicates 5 factors of the FFM + adds one additional factor (honesty-humility)

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8
Q

What are 3 traits made up The Dark Triad?

A

Traits that describe someone who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, likely to commit harm in general

  1. Machiavellianism = use people + manipulative, lack respect
  2. Psychopathy= feeling little empathy for others, find conflicts/ harming others thrilling
  3. Narcissism= excessive sense of self importance
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9
Q

3 characteristics of right wing authoritarianism? Describe one study from book that examined this trait

A
  1. Obeying orders + established authorities in society
  2. Supporting aggression (aggressive) against those who dissent/ differ from established social order
  3. Believing strongly in maintaining existing social order

fascism that led to World War II, and will likely play important roles in the repressive dictatorships, destructive business practices, and unhealthy family structures of the future.

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10
Q

What is the right wing authoritarianism (RWA)

A

Problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent / anti-social tendencies

=hold strong belifs + resists changing them
= prejudiced
= judge people w/ diff perspective

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11
Q

Describe 1 study that shows that personality traits are stable over time

A

Our personality start developing before we are born, so we could be expected to remain largely stable over time

3 main temperaments
1.Well-adjusted. Capable of self-control, confident, not overly upset by new people or situations
2. Under-controlled. Impulsive, restless, distractible, emotionally volatile.
3. Inhibited. Socially uncomfortable, fearful, easily upset by strangers.

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12
Q

Difference b/w trait + state

A

State (depending on situation)= temporary physical / psychological engagement that influences behavior
Ex: calming a friend who lashed out at other drivers because they are having a rough day

Trait (daily basis) = describe a persons general personality tendencies, whereas states describe what that person is like in specific sets of circumstances

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13
Q

4 aspect of situations that can influence or behavior

A
  1. Locations (being at work, school, home)
  2. Associations (with people)
  3. Activities (awake, rushed, studying)
  4. Subjective states (mad, sick, drunk, happy)
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14
Q

How would behaviourists explain personality?

A

The behaviourist would note any identifiable patterns of behaviour and seek to understand how that behaviour was elicited by specific environmental conditions.

behaviourist might note that using the personality dimension of “extraversion” is an unnecessary addition

Ex: dominating the convo, asking q’s, laughing at others jokes when with a group of people

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15
Q

What is reciprocal determinism

A

Based on the idea that personality emerges from

1.interactions b/w behavior,
2. internal (personal) factors
3. external (situational) factors,
which all influence e/o

= determine self efficacy (belief that someones attempt to accomplish a specific task will be successful)

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16
Q

What does WEIRD stand for? Why is this important for understanding personality research

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.

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17
Q

Based on twin studies, is personality heritable

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are response styles? How can they explain why Japanese participants scored low on measures of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness?

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

Theres a lot of differences b/w cultures and a lot of individual diversity within a culture

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19
Q

How are genes that code for serotonin transporters related to personality

A

Two possible variations of the “serotonin transporter gene” have been identified: a short copy and a long copy.

People who inherit two copies of the long version of the serotonin transporter gene fixate on positive images and avoid looking at negative images.

People who inherit the short version of this gene are not biased toward attending to positive imagery.

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20
Q

What is an evolutionary advantage for being neurotic

A

Neurotic behavior: Intense anxiety or panic in non-threatening social situations like going out to eat, a work function, or a friendly gathering.

More realistic, self aware, low risk takers

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21
Q

What is an evolutionary advantage for being high on openness to experience?

A

imaginative and creative, helping to build bridges between members of different subgroups in the community, and challenging ideas so that the community doesn’t rigidify into dogma and closed-mindedness

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22
Q

What is an evolutionary advantage for being low on conscientiousness?

A

those low in openness may be useful for preserving traditions and helping to identify a coherent sense of identity within the community.

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23
Q

How could extraversion have influenced how our ancestors formed social groups?”

A

Talkative, energetic, outgoing

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24
Q

What is humorism

A

which explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body—

25
Q

How was phrenology related to the study of personality?

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull.

Bumps on head could determine the traits of a character

26
Q

Describe the arousal theory of extraversion? What role does the ascending reticular activating system play in this theory?

A

Meaning: arguing that extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
= high extraversion (extraverts) low (introvert)

ARAS= plays a central role in controlling this arousal response.

extraverts do have less reactive ARASs compared to introverts.
= Put simply, for a given “kick,” introverts have a stronger response, which is why introverts tend to avoid excessive stimulation, whereas extraverts tend to seek it out.

27
Q

How do the behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) related to behaviour?

A

BAS = GO” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals.
* responsive to rewards + unresponsive to consequences
* greater BAS = motivation + positive emotion response
==MOVING TOWARDS GOALS

BIS= danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes.
* The BIS is therefore associated with greater negative emotional responses and avoidance motivation
==MOVING AWAY FROM SUM UNPLEASANT

28
Q

-List one brain area that is related to each of the “Big Five” personality traits.

A
  1. medial orbitofrontal cortex is involved in processing reward, which is consistent with extraverts’ greater reward sensitivity (i.e., strong BAS).
  2. The amygdala, on the other hand, is involved in processing novelty, danger, and fear, which extraverts tend to pay less attention to (i.e., weak BIS)
29
Q

Do individual differences in brain structures mean that these brain areas cause individual differences in personality traits?
-What is the difference between the co

A

No, but it does suggest that these brain regions are involved in serving neurological functions that are related to personality processes at some level

There is no specific area for a personality trait, any trait plays itself out through many different thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, each of which involves many different brain systems.

30
Q

What is the difference between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind?

A

Conscious mind = current awareness

Unconscious = vast + powerful inaccesible part of consciousness. operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
= ex: emotional awareness during early childhood, infancy

31
Q

Freudian slip meaning

A

Error in speech, revealing subconscious feelings
==meaning to say sum but saying another

32
Q

What are the three components of personality according to Freudian theory?

A

Ego, superego, id

33
Q

Id meaning

A

Pleasure principle , fueled by libido

represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression.
= seeking out pleasure
= get us in trouble, animal desires

34
Q

Libido meaning

A

Sexual desire

35
Q

Superego meaning

A

Values, moral standards
= what we ought to do

36
Q

Ego

A

decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
= reality principle

37
Q

Freudian defence mechanism meaning

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
Ex: running into the closet are examples of denial, which is a very common defence mechanism.

38
Q

Refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself is known as _________.

A

Denial

39
Q

Projection meaning (according to Freud)

A

Perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself

woman who has been unfaithful to her husband but who accuses her husband of cheating on her.

40
Q

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour is known as _________.

A

Displacement
= taking out anger on a less dangerous target than your boss who had just criticized you

41
Q

Billy-Joe unconscious mimics a number of his older brother’s behaviours. According to Freud, this tendency may be due to a specific defense mechanism. Which one?

A

Identification
= unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person to reduce anxiety

42
Q

Altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite is known as a __________________.

A

Reaction formation
= a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels.

A classic example is a young boy who bullies a young girl because, on a subconscious level, he’s attracted to her.

43
Q

Repression meaning

A

Keeping distress info out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
= hiding feelings/ expressing memories

Subconsciously blocking ideas or impulses that are undesirable.
= no recollection of a traumatic event, even though they were conscious and aware during the event.

44
Q

Taking intense negative feelings and transforming them into beautiful pieces of art would be an example of this defense mechanism: _______________.

A

Sublimation
= someone who deals with aggression may become a boxer

45
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud? Progression children went thru

A
  1. Oral 0-18 months(actions of mouth, sucking, swallowing, chewing)
  2. Anal 18-36 months (bowel elimination, control)
  3. Phallic 3-6 yrs (genitals)
  4. Latency 6y yrs until puberty (external activities => people finding themselves)
  5. Genital puberty to adulthood (sexual activities with others)
46
Q

Fixation

A

involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate themselves and satisfy their needs at that stage.

what happens when some part of the libido (or id) is strongly invested in a particular psychosexual stage (kept thinking abt it)

Factor: excessive parental interference

47
Q

Oedipus complex

A

The attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex.

48
Q

What is castration anxiety

A

boy’s fear of loss of or damage to the genital organ as punishment for incestuous wishes toward the mother and murderous fantasies toward the rival father

49
Q

Penis envy

A

When girls discover they lack a penis

girls redirect their sexual interest to their fathers, and subsequently men in general, because that’s the way to get a penis
= having a boy is another way of obtaining a penis

50
Q

What are projective tests of personality? Describe two examples of these types of tests.

A

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts.
= image can be interpreted in diff ways

  1. Rorschach inkblot test
    == in which people are asked to describe what they see in an inkblot, and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method
  2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
    = asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations
    = a picture might show a man and woman looking at each other with blank expressions. Subjects are asked to tell a story about the picture.
51
Q

What “school” or “type” of psychology was founded by Carl Jung? What was its main idea?

A

Found Analytical psychology = focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development.

He believed that human beings are connected to each other and their ancestors through a shared set of experiences.

52
Q

Differnce b/w personal and collective unconscious

A

Personal = experiences and patterns absorbed during the person’s life; and a collective unconscious, which is not held within the individual person.

Collective = a separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past.
- beliefs
- political ideologies
Nationalism
Gender norms

53
Q

Archetypes meaning n 3 examples

A

are images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures.

= mother, child, trickster, hero, shadow

the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies

54
Q

Infeiority complex meaning, which theorist developed this

A

the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood.

Alfred adler

  • shows how people strive to appear superior and hide inferiorness
55
Q

What was Karen Horney’s main theoretical contribution to the study of personality?

A

focused on the importance of social and cultural factors, arguing that to understand personality one should focus on the functioning of a person’s present self, rather than overwhelmingly focusing on the unconscious,

She disagreed w/ freud and beleived that women felt inferior not bc of anatomical differences but bc of gender discrimination

56
Q

-What is the person-centred perspective? Which theories developed this idea?

A

If people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.

= focusing on care of an individual
= CARL ROGERS estblished this idea

57
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

the drive to grow and fulfill your potential.

58
Q

How does the notion of “the self” differ in collectivist vs. individualist cultures?

A

Individualist = the situational factors that cause us to do undesirable things (e.g., we had a headache, we were under a lot of stress, a family member was sick (canada + us)

Collectivist (china/ japan) = emphasize on situational explanations

Collectivism s= importance of the community
individualism = focused on the rights and concerns of each person.

Psychology (17 decks)

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