7.2: Encoding & Retrieving Memories

Question 1

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

prolonging exposure to info by repeating it

Question 2

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to info by thinking about meaning
-expanding and elaborating info

Question 3

Levels of Processing ; who proposed this idea

Answer 3

Fergus Craik

Question 4

Levels of Processing

Answer 4

retrieval ability is directly related to how info was initially encoded
1. deep
2. shallow

Question 5

shallow processing

Answer 5

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus (sound, spelling of word)

Question 6

deep processing

Answer 6

encoding info about an items meaning or function

Question 7

Self-reference effect

Answer 7

form of deep processing in which info is thought about in terms of how it relates to you

Question 8

Recall

Answer 8

retrieving info w/o the info being present during retrieval process (Answering exam essay q
Describing a friends appearance)

Question 9

Recognition

Answer 9

identifying a previously displaying stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you (visuals, MC)

Question 10

Encoding specificity principle (physical environment)

Answer 10

retrieval is most effective when it occurs in same context as encoding and retrieval are the same
= tested in same room where they learn it

Question 11

Context- Dependent Memory

Answer 11

retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting (context) as encoding

Question 12

2 examples of Context- Dependent Memory

Answer 12

1. when an individual has lost an item (e.g. lost car keys = retrace steps
2. land and water memory test

Question 13

state-dependent memory

Answer 13

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

Question 14

mood dependent memory

Answer 14

indicate that people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

Question 15

weapon focus

Answer 15

tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info, including identity of a person holding the weapon

Question 16

recognition or recall (which one is easier)

Answer 16

recognition because it presents you with a stimulus

Question 17

how does amygdala influence memory

Answer 17

learning emotional components of experience, such as conditioned fear;
= gives rise to emotions and results in modulation of memory storage occurring in other brain regions

Question 18

amygdala is responsible for

Answer 18

response and memory of emotions
= emotional processing and responding

Question 19

Yerkes-Dodson Law:

Answer 19

Moderate amount of stress or emotion helps memory
Too much / too little emotion impairs memory

Question 20

how are emotions and memory related

Answer 20

When your brain recognizes a similar situation to one stored as a memory, it brings up those same feelings that are attached to the memory.

Question 21

Flashbulb memory

Answer 21

Vivid & detailed memory about an event + conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 22

founder of memory research

Answer 22

Herman Ebbinghaus (1885)

Question 23

Forgetting curve

Answer 23

It shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there.

Question 24

Mnemonic

Answer 24

improve memory for specific info

Question 25

Method of loci

Answer 25

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 26

acronyms

Answer 26

mneumonic; pronounceable words whose letters represent initials of an important phrase or set of items (ROY G BIV)

Question 27

first letter technique

Answer 27

uses first letters of a set items to spell out words that form a sentence (dear king philip..)

Question 28

Dual coding

Answer 28

when info is stored in more than one form (verbal description and visual image)
Learning alphabet (musicality, actual alphabet)

Question 29

desirable difficulties

Answer 29

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but better remembering
=Saving out studying rather cramming
=Studying material in orders
=Taking practice tests

Question 30

Autobiographical Forgetting curve

Answer 30

autobiographical memory is retained over a period of several years and then decreased rapidly as she lost some of the details (memories about life experience)

Question 31

testing effect

Answer 31

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance even without additional studying

Question 32

Weapon focus

Answer 32

Individual is focused on weapon (if it’s pointing at them) so identity accuracy is decreased

Question 33

2 types of cognitive obstacles

Answer 33

9 dot problem and mental set