Ch 6.1: Classical Conditioning

Question 1

process by which knowledge changes due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

Animal that Ivan Pavlov perform experiments on

Answer 2

dog

Question 3

naturally causes a response (not teaching dogs how to drool)

Answer 3

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 4

natural response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation, flinching, blinking, pain)

Answer 4

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 5

one event causes another

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Question 6

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 6

organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (sounds) w/ biologically relevant stimulus (food) which results in change in response (salivation)

Question 7

what is conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

neutral stimulus that later elicits a response b/c it has a history being paired w/ US

Question 8

term for does not elicit a reflexive response

Answer 8

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 9

what is the learned response that occurs to conditioned stimulus (salivation, flinching)

Answer 9

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

Initial phase of learning in which a response is established (salivating in response to tone)

Question 11

loss/ weakening of CR when CS & US no longer occur together (Metronome sound clicking is presented repeatedly w/o food, salivation occur less)

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

Recurrence of previously extinguished conditioned response is ___

Answer 12

Spontaneous recovery

Question 13

Process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs for diff, though similar, stimuli (Pavlov salivate to original sound CS and similar sounds)

Answer 13

Stimulus generalization

Question 14

When organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to a new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Answer 14

Stimulus discrimination

Question 15

Conditioned emotional responses

Answer 15

emotional/ physiological responses that develop to a specific object/ situation

Question 16

who is Little Albert

Answer 16

infant conditioned to fear white rats (startle w/ hammer)

Question 17

what is evidence for evolutionary role in fear conditioning (fearing snake more)

Answer 17

humans evolved a strong predisposition to detect and fear an animal that has a long history of causing severe injury or deat

Question 18

Preparedness

Answer 18

Biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to particular class of stimuli

Question 19

what is the fear conditioning in brain

Answer 19

amygdala

Question 20

what is Contextual fear conditioning

Answer 20

Learning to fear a location
Ex: cage where shock occured
(hippocampus)

Question 21

Acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink b/c it was paired w/ illness

Answer 21

Conditioned Taste Aversions

Question 22

2 reasons why its easier to form conditioned taste aversions

Answer 22

1. only occur for food rather than to other stimuli present
2. learned very quickly (single CS-US pairing)

Question 23

Garcia Effect

Answer 23

develop after a specific food becomes associated with a negative reaction, such as nausea or vomiting.
ex: avoiding a new flavor of food b/c it might make you sick again

Question 24

what is latent inhibition

Answer 24

Frequent experience w/ stimulus before it is paired w/ a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after single episode of illness

• One wrong bad experience does not override good ones

Question 25

Evaluative Conditioning

Answer 25

Pairing emotional stimuli (attractive people) w/ target in order to influence people’s perceptions + attitudes towards that target

Question 26

how does evaluative conditioning relate to political advertising

Answer 26

use negative emotion to alter peoples opinion on political candidate (angry pictures)

Question 27

2 ways of negative political advertising

Answer 27

1) b/w images and poor quality (viewing unclear pictures result in frustration)

2) images of attacked politicians will include negative expression

Question 28

what is conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 28

a change in which more drug is needed to override preparatory responses so desired effect is obtained