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Psychology > 7.1 Memory and Systems > Flashcards

7.1 Memory and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

memory meaning

A

collection of systems that store info in diff forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

store meaning

A

retain info in memory without using it for any purpose

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3
Q

control process meaning

A

shift info from one memory store to another

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4
Q

attention meaning

A

selects which info will be passed on to STM

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5
Q

2 types of sensory memory

A
  1. iconic
  2. echoic
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6
Q

sensory memory meaning

A

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a brief amount of time

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7
Q

encoding meaning

A

process of storing info in LTM system

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8
Q

retrieval meaning

A

brings info from LTM back into STM
ex; remembering a movie you watched last week

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9
Q

iconic and echoic memory difference

A
  1. iconic = eye
  2. echoic = ear
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10
Q

how long does iconic memory last

A

one half to one seconds

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11
Q

what did george sperling’s experiment tell researchers about the size of sensory memory

A

the human visual system is capable of retaining information even if the exposure is very brief.

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12
Q

how long does echoic memory last

A

5-10 s

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13
Q

another word for attention

A

spotlight

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14
Q

what is change blindness

A

Demonstrates rapid decay of sensory memory
2 images are displayed and are continuously altered
- participants detecting change b/w 2 images

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15
Q

why is change blindness hard to notice in the experiment

A

the appearance of the blank screen b/w the 2 photographs occupies sensory memory so making the memory of the previous photograph less accessible

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16
Q

definition of STM

A

memory store with limited capacity and duration

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17
Q

how long does STM last

A

30 seconds

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18
Q

capacity of short term memory is summed up as__

A

“the magical # 7, plus or minus 2”
= people are able to remember seven units of info

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19
Q

what trick can we use to increase amount of info in STM

A

chunking
= Organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units
ex: UNICEF CIBS

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20
Q

LTM meaning

A

Memory that holds info for extended periods of time, if not permanently
= no capacity limitations

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21
Q

TOT (Tip of tongue) phenomenon

A

when u are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with same letter but cant quite retrieve the word you actually want

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22
Q

2 ways to organize LTM info

A
  1. based on its categories
  2. TOT
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23
Q

serial position effect

A

when most people recall first few items from a list and last few items, but only an item or 2 from middle

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24
Q

primacy effect

A

first few items are remembered easily because it begun entering LTM

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25
Q

recency effect

A

last few items are remembered well because it is still in STM

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26
Q

Retrieval

A

Bringing information from LTS to STM

27
Q

Proactive interference

A

Process in which the first information learned occupies memory

Leaving fewer resources left to remember newer info

28
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When most recently learned info overshadows older memories that have not made it into LTM

29
Q

rehearsal meaning

A

Repeating info until you don’t need to remember it anymore

30
Q

who proposed idea of working memory

A

alan baddeley

31
Q

working memory meaning

A

Model of short- term remembering that includes a combination of memory components

Can temporarily store small amounts of info for short time

32
Q

working memory is subdivided into 3 storage types:

A
  1. phonological = repeating to self the radio #
  2. visuospatial = visual info to keep track of traffic pattern
  3. episodic = mental narrative or story that links the 2
33
Q

central center function

A

helps decide which working memory stores is most important at a moment

34
Q

phonological loop

A

Storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal
Stores information as sounds, or auditory code

35
Q

word length effect states that

A

people remember more one syllable words (sum,bar) than 4-5 (helicopter, university, alligator)

36
Q

how long does phonological loop info is retained

A

30 sec

37
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

Storage component that maintains visual images and spatial layouts

38
Q

items in visuospatial can be counted based on

A

visual features (shape, color, texture)

39
Q

feature binding meaning

A

form of chunking visuospatial uses
= process of combining visual features into a single unit

40
Q

episodic buffer meaning

A

storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from other 2 components into coherent, story like episodes

41
Q

central executive

A

control center of working memory; it coordinates attention and exchange of info among 3 storage components

Focuses attention on components that are goal- task relevant

42
Q

Declarative memories (explicit memories)

A

Aware of doing it & verbalizing it
=Memories that we are consciously aware of
=Includes facts about world and of one’s own personal experiences

43
Q

2 types of declarative memories

A
  1. episodic = personal experiences
  2. semantic = facts about world (external)
44
Q

Nondeclarative memories ( implicit memories)

A

actions/ behaviors that you can remember and perform without awareness

45
Q

nondeclarative 2 types

A
  1. procedural = Involve previously performed patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)
  2. conditioning =When previously neutral stimulus (sound of metronome) produces new response (salivating)
46
Q

type of declarative memory impaired in Patient KC

A

semantic

47
Q

as people get older what type of declarative memory declines?

A

episodic

48
Q

Donald Hebb proposed what idea

A

cells that fire together wire together

49
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP) meaning

A

Enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals b/w nerve cells that fire together

50
Q

what area does long term potentiation occur

A

medial temporal lobes

51
Q

Consolidation

A

Process of converting short- term memories into long term in brain
=Happen at level of small neuronal groups or across cortex
= study the same material regularly over a long period, the pathways involved in remembering that information becomes stronger

52
Q

cellular consolidation

A

process that involves physical changes to the synapse b/w cells so that the presynaptic cell is more likely to stimulate a specific postsynaptic cell or group of cells

53
Q

what happens when neurons fire together numerous times (use it or lose it)

A

they will adapt and make changes caused by LTP more permanent

54
Q

initial strengthening of synapse (LTP) and longer term consolidation of connections allows us to form __?

A

new memories, provides us w/ ability to learn and adapt behavior based on previous experiences

55
Q

how did H.M (henry molaison) healed from seizure

A

his medial temporal lobe (w/ hippocampus) was removed

56
Q

what did H.M. get after his seizures stopped

A

amnesia (unable to encode new info, but can with old memories)

57
Q

anterograde amnesia meaning

A

inability to form new memories but can access memories formed prior to brain injury

58
Q

Hippocampus is engages in _?

A

memory consolidation in STM so it can enter and remain in LTM

59
Q

Reconsolidation

A

When hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, modify, existing long term memories on new info
= reactivating existing memories from past

60
Q

memory storage refers to

A

time and manner in which info is retained b/w encoding and retrieval

61
Q

cross cortical storage

A

when long term declarative memories are distributed throughout cortex of brain rather being localized in one region

62
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember what was already known at the onset of amnesia
= memory for events preceding trauma or injury is lost

63
Q

Infant amnesia

A

Young people can describe earlier events in own lives but memories fade
=Childhood recollections are based on photos or family stories

64
Q

psychogenic amnesia

A

Memory loss without neurobiological reasoning
= due to stress or financial problems

Psychology (17 decks)

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