Ch 11: Motivation And Emotion

Question 1

What is motivation

Answer 1

Concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

Question 2

homeostasis meaning

Answer 2

Homeostasis = bodys physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

Question 3

Drive & incentives definition

Answer 3

Drive = biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

Incentives meaning = the stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives (ex; water)

Question 4

Allostasis

Answer 4

Motivation that is influenced by current needs and anticipation of future needs caused by stress (body response to stress)

Question 5

How is the hypothalamus related to our drive to eat? Which nucleus is the eating “on switch” and “off switch”

Answer 5

Hypothalamus = involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis by stimulating the release of hormones throughout the body.

Lateral hypothalamus = on switch
Ventromedial hypothalamus = off switch
Paraventricular = nucleus of hypothalamus that also signals stop eating by inhibiting lateral hypothalamus

Question 6

Which substance is the primary energy source for the brain

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

How does the brain make us find fatty foods rewarding

Answer 7

We developed bodies that were hard-wired to like some foods more than others

=we crave fats b/c we have specialized receptors on the tongue that are sensitive to the fat content of food
= these receptors send messages to brain that stimulate release of endorphin and dopamine (pleasure and reward)

Question 8

Is sugar addictive?

Answer 8

“Sugar fix” = addicted to candy and chocolate
Sugar and addictive drugs share supernormal stimuli (instense stimuli than our bodies evolved)

Sucrose release neurotransmitter dopamine in same region associated with reinforcing effects of substances such as amphetamines and cocaines

Satiation1976

Question 9

Satiation meaning and how does our brain activity change from our initial bite of tasty chocolate to the 20th

Answer 9

Point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat (full), feeling is caused by CCK (neurons release this when intestines expand)

After eating too much it becomes less appealing, and activity in reward centre decrease

Question 10

Unit bias meaning

Answer 10

Tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning in an appropriate amount to consume

= portioning food

Question 11

Describe 3 ways in which social context can influence our eating behaviours

Answer 11

1. Social facilitation = eating more (hosts/ granmda encouraging guests to take seconds and thirds), the more they socialize the more they eat
2. Impression management = eating less
   
   • chewing with mouth closed is polite
   • eat small amounts to avoid being rude
3. Modelling = eating whatever they eat
   -event: no one eats much and everyone takes their time and newcomer will see others as models and also restrain their eating
   - but coming to a family reunion where everyone is full and undoing their belts, person will eat more

Question 12

What are 3 symptoms of anorexia nervosa that are described in textbook

Answer 12

An eating disorder that involved:
1) self starvation
2) intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfied w/ ones body
3) denial of serious consequences of severely low weight

Question 13

Bulimia nervosa meaning

Answer 13

Eating disorder characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating, and purging

Binging = short burst of intense calorie consumption
= these are followed by purging (vomiting), fasting, intense exercise

Question 14

Some ways that eating disorders could be an attempt to cope with stress

Answer 14

Gain some feelings of security (both physical and emotional) and feeling of being in control of some aspect of their life

Question 15

What is the repetition suppression hypothesis

Answer 15

states that females who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour

= lead to ovulation + loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)

Question 16

What is ghrelin

Answer 16

Hormone that tells your brain your stomach is hungry and full

Question 17

What is some evidence listed showing that unrealistic media depiction of beauty can have a negative influence on people

Answer 17

Women would compare their own bodies (decreased satisfaction)
= individuals with anorexia showed increased activity in amygdala (fear and emotional arousal)

when women with eating disorders were shown images comparing themselves to idealized (model) bodies, the insula—a brain region related to disgust—fired (

Question 18

Coolidge effect

Answer 18

tendency for males to show renewed sexual interest when a new female becomes available is now known

Question 19

Libido

Answer 19

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Question 20

Why is Alfred Kinsey an important figure in the study of sexual behavior

Answer 20

= zoology proffesor + first scientist to tackle topic of human behavior
= interviewed students about their sexual histories

his research helped pave the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, as well as liberating female sexuality.

Question 21

What is the sexual response cycle

Answer 21

the phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which comprises four primary stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 22

Refractory period

Answer 22

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible. (Men usually experience a single orgasm then followed by this)

Question 23

Which hormone plays a role in both orgasms and trust

Answer 23

Oxytocin= related to feelings of trust and the desire to be close to someone

=promote bonding b/w sexual partners
= blood levels of oxytocin surge just after orgasm and remain for atleast 5 mins

Question 24

What is sexual orientation

Answer 24

the consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), same sex (homosexuality), or either sex (bisexuality).

Question 25

Evidence suggesting that homosexuality is linked to hypothalamus?what is one criticism of studies showing this relationship

Answer 25

area of the hypothalamus was, on average, smaller in gay men compared to heterosexual men
= proof that homosexuality was biologically, and therefore genetical

Question 26

Is sexual orientation related to genetics

Answer 26

No
= sensitive to environment and they interact with a variety of sociocultural factors

Question 27

Difference b/w transgender and transsexual individuals

Answer 27

Transgender = individuals who experience a mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their biological sex (doesnt refer to sexual orientation)

Transsexual = refers to the subset of transgender individuals who wish to permanently transition from their birth sex to the gender with which they identify (surgical)

Question 28

What is one biological theory of why some individuals are transgender

Answer 28

transgender individuals, it is possible that sex hormones caused the genitals and body to develop in the direction of one sex (e.g., male), while the brain and gender developed in the opposite direction

Question 29

What are some characteristics of teaching who are effective at teaching sex ed

Answer 29

non-judgemental; ·
being trustworthy;
· being open and honest;
· being a good listener;
· having a sense of humour;

Question 30

What is the difference between gender roles and sexual scripts

Answer 30

Gender roles= the accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society,

Sexual script = the set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females. (Expectations of how to behave sexually)

Question 31

How is testosterone related to sexual behaviour

Answer 31

Its a hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and motivation for sexual behavior

Question 32

What is sex guilt? Is it more common in Eastern or Western culture

Answer 32

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour (going against culture and beliefs)

Eastern
= suggests that a number of social and cultural factors influence sexual motivations

Question 33

Mascow’s 5 Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 33

1) self-actualization
Aesthetic needs (beauty and order)
Cognitive needs (knowing, understanding, exploring)
2) esteem (freedom, strength)

3) love and belonging needs (friendship & family)

4) safety and security (resources, job, health)

5) physiological (food and clothing),

Question 34

Need to belong meaning (affiliation motivation)

Answer 34

is the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person’s well- being

Question 35

Passionate love meaning

Answer 35

associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person.

Sexual attraction, lonely, present

We feel passionate love at the beginning of a relationship, when we are just getting to know the other person and everything is new.

Question 36

Companionate love

Answer 36

related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

=long term relationship
=deeply care (trust, affection, attached)

Question 37

What is neural evidence suggesting that love is rewarding

Answer 37

Seeing loved one activated the dopamine rich areas that are part of the reward system

areas contain receptors for oxytocin, the hormone related to feelings of trust and the desire to be close to someone.

Question 38

What is terror management theory?

Answer 38

Meaning = , a psychological perspective asserting that the human fear of mortality motivates behaviour, particularly behaviours that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging.

states that people feel threatened by their own death and therefore adopt worldviews that allow them to find meaning and worth in their lives.

Terror management theory deals with consciousness and accessibility regarding thoughts of death

Question 39

What role do anxiety buffers play in ability to manage existential terror?

Answer 39

Definition: concepts and beliefs that prevent death-related anxiety from entering our conscious mind

Ex: One anxiety buffer, cultural worldview, a belief system about how our world should work. This system provides us with a sense of order and stability in life, feelings that makes it seem as though death is not immediate

Question 40

2 examples of terror management theory influencing modern politics

Answer 40

This is likely because conservative ideologies and political parties provide unambiguous solutions for death-related problems (mortality salience makes people politically conservative in their statements and attitudes),

whereas liberal ideologies and political parties are more likely to promote change, which is by its very definition uncertain. An example of this conservative shift came in the 2004 American election.

Mortality salience = manipulating how aware participants are of death

Question 41

the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goal is called

Answer 41

Achievement motivation

Question 42

Difference b/w approach goal and avoidance goal

Answer 42

Approach goal (positive outcome) = an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction.

Avoidance goal (negative outcome) = an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain.

Question 43

What are the 3 universal needs?

Answer 43

1. Relatedness (relationship) Feeling connected with others, a need satisfied by forming meaningful bonds with other people such as family members, teammates, or colleagues at school and work
2. Autonomy (control decisions that affect our lives)were in controlled of our lives
3. Competence (be in control of actions needed to carry out decisions) The ability to perform a task at a skill level that is satisfying to the individual
   = feel skilled that we achieved sumn

Question 44

Self efficacy meaning

Answer 44

an individual’s confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem
= motivated
=performance improves

Question 45

What is the self determination theory

Answer 45

theory that states that an individual’s ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which he or she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

Question 46

Intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation definition

Answer 46

Extrinsic (performance motive) = motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoiding embarrassment
= give up autonomy
= rely on other peoples reactions

Intrinsic (mastery) = the process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcome challenges
= genuine desire to master a task than being motivated by reward

Question 47

Amotivational

Answer 47

a feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour.
= parents forced u to play bball

Question 48

3 continuum of motivation

Answer 48

1. Intrinsic (self determined)
2. Extrinsic
3. Amotivation (non-self determined)

Question 49

How do responses to extrinsic motivation differ across cultures

Answer 49

Western culture = autonomy (controlled by indiv)
Eastern culture = meeting needs of community (controlled by family and community) group decision
= views being performed as helping family or community

Failure decreased motivation to work in Canadian students but increased motivation in Japanese students

Question 50

3 components of emotion

Answer 50

1. a subjective thought and/or experience with
2. accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and
3. an observable behavioural expression (e.g., an emotional facial expression or changes in muscle tension).

Question 51

Which brain area is involved in immediate response to an emotional stimulus

Answer 51

Amygdala = a group of nuclei in the medial portion (near the middle) of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain.

(Fearful and threatening stimuli)

Question 52

Difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic ns? How do they relate to emotional response

Answer 52

Parasympathetic = preserve energy and calm down
Sympathetic = fight or flight

Question 53

Emotional regulation

Answer 53

describe a person’s ability to effectively manage and respond to an emotional experience.

Question 54

James Lange theory

Answer 54

James (feeling + response) = this view suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli (e.g., a racing heart) precede the emotional experience (e.g., the fear).

How emotions is experienced?
(1) based on your initial perception of a stimulus, your heart starts to race,
(2) your brain receives feedback about that response
(3) the brain decides that based on the feedback it has received, you should feel fear.

First comes arousal then emotion

Question 55

Canon Bard Theory

Answer 55

suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body.

This theory suggests that these emotional processes occur very quickly, so that the steps occur almost simultaneously (same time)

Arousal and emotion come same time

Question 56

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 56

suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states.

Ex: lips smiling = happy
Facial expression can affect feelings

Question 57

What is the two-factor theory of emotion? Describe Schacter and Singer’s classic study that helped support this james and canon bard theories

Answer 57

explains emotional experiences are brought about by two components, a physiological arousal and cognitive processes.

1. Physical arousal first come to play (James Lange)
2. Cognitive = i am sad
   Both combined give rise to experience of sadness

Question 58

Which theory of emotion was supported by Dutton and Aron’s (1974) study of arousal and the Capilano Canyon Suspension Bridge?

Answer 58

Misattribution of arousal theory

= people confused the physical symptoms of anxiety or fear with romantic love

Experimental participants crossing the bridge experienced stronger emotions
= When participants experienced emotional arousal, they interpreted it as attraction to the experimenter

Question 59

Microexpressions meaning = Paul Ekman

Answer 59

facial expressions that occur within a fraction of a second. This involuntary emotional leakage exposes a person’s true emotions.

Used to tell if someone is lying

Question 60

What is evolutionary purpose of fearful facial expressions? What about expressions of digust

Answer 60

Our expressions have a purpose that enhances ability to survive
= open eyes and mouth, wide eyes (response to frightening event)

Ex: the powerful odour feels like it’s crawling up your nostrils. Your natural reaction is to make a disgusted face, which involves scrunching up your nose.
= reduces airflow into your nostrils, thus limiting the amount of the disgusting substance(s) that can enter your body
= could threaten a person’s health.

Question 61

6 basic emotional facial expressions

Answer 61

fear, happiness, disgust, anger, surprise, and sadness.

Question 62

Emotional dialects meaning

Answer 62

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed.

Question 63

What are display rules? Describe one cultural difference in display rules

Answer 63

refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion.

Ex: North America = blush when embarassed
Ex: Japan = smile when embarrassed (not happy but hide embarrassment)

Both differ when emotions are less intense
American: assume person was feeling emotion less strongly
Japan: assume person felt emotion strongly

Question 64

What are trigger food and how do they relate to semantic networks of brain

Answer 64

those that when eaten make you crave and possibly eat more. These foods are generally eaten out of habit, not necessarily hunger (chips, cookies, coke)

Semantic network: representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind.
= join nodes to form a category
= addictive and it makes you feel good after eating cravings