Ch 16: Treatments

Question 1

What are two barriers to people seeking treatment for psychological disorders?

Answer 1

1. Stigma (streotype)
2. Lack of awareness
3. Denial
4. Lack of support

Question 2

Who is more likely to seek treatment: males or females? Why?

Answer 2

Female
= need outlet for processing emotions
= more expressive

Men thinks asking for help is a sign of weakness
= turn to coping mechanism

Question 3

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

Answer 3

Psychiatrists
= medical doctors specializing in mental health / disorders
= diagnose + treat mental disorders thru medications
Treating pscyhological disorder
= rely on medicine for treatment

Psychologist
= studies mind and behavior of humans + animals
= help people with treatments
= rely on talk and behavior therapy for treatment

Question 4

What is the difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling psychologist?

Answer 4

Clinical
= have obtained PhDs (typically five years of graduate school plus a one-year internship in a clinical setting) and are able to formally diagnose and treat mental issues (everyday to severe)
= treatment to patients

Counselling
= work w/ people who need help w/ stress and coping
= sexuality, identity, anxiety
= guidance on life

Question 5

What are residential treatment centres?

Answer 5

housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training

Question 6

How is the field of community psychology related to treating psychological disorders?

Answer 6

Community psychology
= identifies how indiv mental health is influenced by community in which they live
= emphasize on social programs, support networks, community resources to help

Rather focusing on individuals they focus on community and their environment factors

Question 7

Treatments that have been tested and evaluated scientifically are known as _______________.

Answer 7

Empirically supported treatments

Question 8

What is the therapeutic alliance? How is this concept related to treatment outcomes?

Answer 8

the relationship that emerges in therapy between the therapist and the patient
= building a supportive relationship

Socially skilled + clients willing to open up forms great relationship

Question 9

What is bibliotherapy?

Answer 9

The use of self help books and other reading materials as form of therapy (improve peoples symptoms)

Question 10

What are insight therapies

Answer 10

therapy that involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts.

Question 11

What are psychodynamic therapies? What historical figure is associated with this form of therapy

Answer 11

Form of insight therapy that emphasizes the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts

Freud psychoanalysis is associated w/ this
= attempts to explore the patient’s unconscious thoughts and emotions so that the person is better able to understand him- or herself.

Question 12

Describe the four techniques or tools used by psychodynamic therapists to treat psychological disorders.

Answer 12

1. Free association = talk or write without censoring thoughts
2. Dream analysis = examining details of dream (manifest content) to gain insight into emotional and unconscious
3. Resistance = when patient keep unconscious thoughts they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness
   Ex: patient skipping sessions or using humor
4. Transference = patients direct certain emotional experiences toward analyst, rather original person involved in experience (parnts)
   = ex: patients mother made them feel criticized they may see analyst as being critical in same way and respond defesively

Question 13

How does object-relations therapy differ from classic psychodynamic therapies?

Answer 13

It is a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

= it doesnt centre on sexual + aggressive conflicts
= focus is on objects (clients mental representation of themselves and others)

Question 14

What is the phenomenological approach to treating disorders?

Answer 14

therapist addresses the clients’ feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past.

Question 15

___ therapy focuses on individuals abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist.

Answer 15

Client centred therapy

Question 16

What are behavioural therapies?

Answer 16

Changing actiong of person
= attempt to directly address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them.

=changing indiv response to situations
= helping them adopt diff behavioral responses in situations until they become a habit

Question 17

Describe how systematic desensitization could be used to treat a fear of heights.

Answer 17

gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training

As they face their fear and anxiety rise, they practice relaxing

Question 18

How does systematic desensitization differ from the treatment known as flooding?

Answer 18

Flooding is diving right into something that is causing the fear and anxiety to get it over with

Question 19

How can virtual reality be used to treat anxiety disorders?

Answer 19

treatment that uses graphical displays to create an experience in which the client seems to be immersed in an actual environment.

= therapist has control over the way client will be exposed to feared situation and aid in their need easily

Question 20

What is aversive conditioning

Answer 20

replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment.

Ex: using a drug (antabuse) to reduce alcohol consumption
= this cause nausea and vomiting when it is taken and person consumes alcohol
= person must be willing to take the drug to make them quit

used to help a person give up a behavior or habit by having them associate it with something unpleasant

Question 21

What is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?

Answer 21

structured
time-limited
problem-focused
goal oriented form of psychotherapy ,
exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid,

Helping people face negativity allow them to gain insight into their feelings and learn methods to cope when it arises

Question 22

Describe how CBT could be used to treat a depressive explanatory style of thinking.

Answer 22

1. Examining outside factors than blaming oneself (situation and behavior of other people)
   ‘
2. Forgetting about the past makes people think that not everything is permanent and irreversible

Person w/ social anxiety => make small talk w/ people at parties

Gaining skills they lack => systematic desensitization (learning relaxation methods)

Question 23

How can mindfulness-based cognitive therapy be used to treat psychological disorders?

Answer 23

technique that combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive–behavioural therapy tools.
== mindfulness + sessions w/ psychologists
= being more aware of thoughts and feelings in present moment

Observing and accepting thoughts/ feeling as they are

Question 24

What is decentring?

Answer 24

which occurs when a person is able to “step back” from their normal consciousness and examine themselves more objectively, as an observer.

= allows indiv to detach themselves from damaging thoughts

Question 25

Family therapists uses this: What is the systems approach to studying the causes and effects of psychological disorders?

Answer 25

Meaning: encourages therapists to see indiv symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems
(Family system)

Ex: theres an emotionally abusive family member who likes to be in control
The other family members will just monitor that person and choose their own behaviors to avoid making them angry
= they may also just be quick to forgive & accept blame rather being clear what the family will/not tolerate

Question 26

What is the most successful approach for treating anxiety and depression?

Answer 26

Behavioural therapies + cognitive
= increase social skills and decrease problematic behavior (withdrawal)

Question 27

What is psychopharmacology?

Answer 27

Use of drugs to manage or reduce clients symptoms

Question 28

Medications designed to alter psychological functioning are known as _______________.

Answer 28

Psychotropic drugs

Question 29

What is the blood-brain barrier? How is this barrier related to drug treatments for disorders?

Answer 29

a network of tightly packed cells that only allow specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances

Psychotropic drugs affect neurotransmitter which determines disorders that will be responsive to that medication

Question 30

What are three types of antidepressant drugs? What effects do each of these drug types have on the brain and its neurotransmitters?

Answer 30

1. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
   = deactivate enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
   = this drug causes fewer of these neutrotran to be broken down
2. Tricylic
   = block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
3. Fluoxetine (Prozac)
   = class of antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin (more serotonin will remain in synapse)

Question 31

What type of antidepressant is most common prescribed? Why?

Answer 31

SSRI
= less side effects
= less effect on neurotransmitter
= decrease fear
= improve in mood

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Question 32

The herbal treatment St. John’s wort is sometimes used to help people with this disorder: ____________.

Answer 32

Depression

Researchers have found that it affects two neurotransmitters related to depression and anxiety: serotonin and epinephrine

Question 33

What are two examples of mood stabilizers?

Answer 33

Meaning: drugs used to prevent mood swings by people with bipolar disorder

1. Lithium
2. Valproate (anticonvulsant medications)

Question 34

What neurotransmitter is (most) affected by antianxiety drugs?

Answer 34

affect the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity.

Decrease nervousness and tension and panic attacks
= drowsy, tired and impaired attention

Question 35

What are antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 35

Used to treat symptoms of pscyhosis (delusions, hallucinations, disturbed and disorganized thought)

Question 36

The first generation of antipsychotic drugs sometimes produced a movement disorder known as _________________.

Answer 36

Tardive dyskinesia

**Thorazine Halodol is a medication that blocks dopamine receptors which reduces schizophrenia

Tardive = movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics

Question 37

What two neurotransmitters are affected by the new generation of antipsychotic drugs known as atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 37

Serotonin and dopamine

Question 38

What recreational drug is being used to treat some people with PTSD?

Answer 38

Ectasy (MDMA)
= reduced the amount of temporal-lobe activity that occurred when people recalled their worst autobiographical memory
= stimulates release of serotonin => decrease amygdala (negative emotional response)

= stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine. These changes lead to an increase in alertness and attentional engagement

Question 39

Are drugs more or less effective than CBT when treating depression?

Answer 39

Less

Question 40

What is a frontal lobotomy?

Answer 40

surgically severing the connections between different regions of the brain

researchers discovered that by damaging the prefrontal areas of aggressive chimpanzees, the animals would become calmer and more controllable.

Question 41

What is a leucotomy?

Answer 41

the surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex.

treatment for schizophrenia, whereby the white matter tracts of the frontal lobes were interrupted surgically

Question 42

-How are focal lesions used to treat symptoms of depression?

Answer 42

small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed.

lesion surgery has been targeted at a cluster of cells in the anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is overactive in people with depression and anxiety

Question 43

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 43

passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure.

Also relieve symptoms of mental health

Question 44

What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? What psychological disorder has it been used to treat?

Answer 44

therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field across several treatment sessions.

Disorder: depression

Question 45

_______________________ is a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain using electrodes inserted into the brain.

Answer 45

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

inserting thin electrode-tipped wires into the brain and carefully routing them to the targeted brain regions

Question 46

What is counter conditioning

Answer 46

A classical conditioning method

refers to linking new, positive responses to previously aversive stimuli.

Ex: fear of store bc u hav panic attacks
= led into a store and helped with relaxing

Question 47

Catastrophizing meaning

Answer 47

interpreting current events as signs of the worst possible outcome

Now that I’ve made a mistake in my lecture, I’ve failed as a professor. Students can’t take me seriously, and they can’t learn from me.

Question 48

Cognitive behavioral therapy goal

Answer 48

change both cognitions and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder.