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Biology II > ch. 54 part 1 > Flashcards

ch. 54 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

community

A

assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

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2
Q

interspecific interactions

A

relationships between species in a community

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3
Q

ex. of interspecific interactions

A
  • competition
  • predation
  • herbivory
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
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4
Q

how can interspecific interactions be summarized

A

positive, negative, no effect

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5
Q

competition

A

species compete for resource in short supply that limits survival and reproduction

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6
Q

what can strong competition lead to

A

competitive exclusion

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7
Q

competitive exclusion

A

local elimination of a competing species

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8
Q

G.F. Gause

A

Russian ecologist that concluded that 2 species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place

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9
Q

ecological niche

A

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources - ecological role

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10
Q

how can ecologically similar species coexist in a community

A

if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

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11
Q

resource partitioning

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

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12
Q

temporal partitioning of common spiny and golden spiny mouse

A
  • both normally nocturnal
  • where they coexist, golden spiny becomes diurnal (active during day)
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13
Q

fundamental niche

A

niche potentially occupied by that species

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14
Q

realized niche

A

niche actually occupied by that spcies

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15
Q

character displacement

A

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of 2 species than in allopatric populations of the same 2 species

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16
Q

sympatric

A

occurring within the same geographical area - overlapping in distribution

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17
Q

allopatric

A

occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas

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18
Q

exploitation

A

any +/- interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species

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19
Q

exploitative interactions include:

A
  1. predation
  2. herbivory
  3. parasitism
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20
Q

predation

A

interaction in which one species (predator) kills and eats the other (prey)

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21
Q

what do predators have adaptations for

A

finding, identifying, catching, and subduing prey

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22
Q

what adaptations do prey have

A

to avoid being eaten - behavioral defenses

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23
Q

aposematic coloration

A

bright warning coloring in animals w/ effective chemical defenses

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24
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage - makes prey difficult to spot

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25
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

palatable/harmless species mimics and unpalatable or harmful model

26
Q

Mullein mimicry

A

2+ unpalatable species resemble each other

27
Q

what can mimicry do for predators

A

enable them to approach prey

28
Q

herbivory

A

interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae

29
Q

what are most herbivores

A

invertebrates

30
Q

specialized adaptations of herbivores

A
  • specialized teeth and digestive systems
31
Q

plants defenses against herbivory

A
  • toxic/distasteful chemicals
  • mechanical defenses (spines/thorns)
32
Q

parasitism

A

one organism (parasite) derives nourishment from another organism (host), which is harmed in process

33
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that live within body of their host

34
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites that live on the external surface of a host

35
Q

life cycle of many parasites can involve what?

A

multiple hosts

36
Q

why do some parasites change the behavior of their host?

A

to increase the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted to the next host

37
Q

what can parasites affect

A

survival, reproduction, density of host population
- directly/indirectly

38
Q

positive interactions

A

at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

39
Q

mutualism

A

positive interaction for both species involved

40
Q

commensalism

A

positive for one species, neutral (neither harmed nor helped) for other species

41
Q

2 fundamental features of community structure

A
  1. species diversity
  2. feeding relationships
42
Q

in some cases, a few species in a community exert strong control on _____________

A

that community’s structure

43
Q

species diversity

A

variety of organisms that make up the community

44
Q

2 components of species diversity

A
  1. species richness
  2. relative abundance
45
Q

species richness

A

number of dif species in the community

46
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion each species represents of all ind. in the community

47
Q

communities w/ higher diversity are:

A
  1. more productive - produce more biomass
  2. more stable
  3. can withstand/recover from environmental stresses
  4. more resistant to invasive species
48
Q

invasive species

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

49
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relationships between organisms in a community

50
Q

food chains

A

link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

51
Q

trophic level

A

position an organism occupies in a food chain

52
Q

trophic levels from bottom to top

A
  • primary producers
  • primary consumers
  • secondary consumers
  • tertiary consumers
  • quaternary consumers
53
Q

food web

A

group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions

54
Q

does a species only play one role on one trophic level?

A

no - can play more

55
Q

how can food webs be simplified:

A
  • group species w/ similar trophic relationships
  • isolate portion of community that interacts very little w/ rest of community
56
Q

how long is each food chain in a food web

A

only a few links long

57
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

length of food chain is limited by inefficient energy transfer

58
Q

how much of energy stored in organic matter at each trophic level is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level?

A

10%

59
Q

what can also limit the length of the food chain

A

carnivores tend to be larger at higher trophic levels
- can’t obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet metabolic needs

60
Q
A

Biology II (43 decks)

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