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Biology II > ch. 48 part 1 > Flashcards

ch. 48 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

two divisions of nervous system

A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and nerve cord
- spinal cord in vertebrates

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all neurons and projections of their plasma membranes that are outside of the CNS

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4
Q

neurons

A

cells that send and receive electrical and chemical signals to and from other neurons or other cells throughout the body

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5
Q

which animal does not have neurons

A

sponges

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6
Q

structure of the neuron

A
  1. soma/cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axons
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7
Q

cell body or soma

A
  • contains nucleus and organelles
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8
Q

dendrites

A
  • extensions of plasma membrane
  • single or branching
  • incoming singals
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9
Q

axons

A
  • extension of plasma membrane (neurolemma)
  • typically single
  • sending signals
  • axon hillock near cell body
  • axon terminals
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10
Q

axon terminals

A

convey electrical or chemical message to other cells

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11
Q

neurolemma

A

outer portion of myelin sheath created by Schwann cells

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12
Q

glia cells

A
  • perform various functions
  • many times more numerous than neurons
  • can function as stem cells to produce more glial cells and neurons
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13
Q

types of glia cells in CNS

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
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14
Q

astrocytes (star cell)

A
  • metabolic support
  • maintain blood-brain barrier
    provide structural support
  • regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
  • absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
  • form scar tissue after injury
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15
Q

microglia (little glue)

A
  • remove cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
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16
Q

what is the myelin sheath interrupted by

A

nodes of Ranvier

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17
Q

what produces the nodes of Ranvier

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

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18
Q

dendro

A

tree

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19
Q

oligo

A

few or little

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20
Q

cyte

A

cells

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21
Q

types of glia cells in the PNS

A
  • Schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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22
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord)
  • assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
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23
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • myeline CNS axons
  • provide structural framework
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24
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • surround axons in PNS
  • are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
  • participate in repair process after injury
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25
Q

satellite cells

A
  • surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
  • regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
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26
Q

synapse

A

junction between an axon and another cell

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27
Q

chemical messengers released from synaptic terminal at synapses

A

neurotransmitters

28
Q

process of releasing neurotransmitters

A
  1. action potential travels down axon to terminal
  2. Ca2+ channel increases Ca2+ channel in presynaptic neuron
  3. binds to vesicle filled with Ca2+
  4. exocytosis of vesicle, neurotransmitters travel across synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
29
Q

presynaptic cell at synapse

A

neuron

30
Q

postsynaptic cell at synapse

A

neuron, muscle, or gland cell

31
Q

3 main types of neurons

A
  1. sensory neurons (afferent)
  2. motor neurons (efferent)
  3. interneurons
32
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A
  • detect information form outside world/internal body conditions
  • transmit to CNS
33
Q

afferent

A

bring to or lead toward

34
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A
  • send signals away from CNS to elicit response
35
Q

efferent

A

conduct away or carry off

36
Q

interneurons (association neurons)

A

form interconnections between other neurons in the CNS

37
Q

inter

A

between

38
Q

telodendria

A

synaptic knobs

39
Q

reflex arc

A

stimulus from sensory neurons sent to CNS (dorsal root ganglion), little/no interpretation (few/no interneurons), signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit response
- quick/automatic response

40
Q

potential =

A

voltage

41
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in charge inside and outside the cell
- polarized

42
Q

what separates charges in and out of the cell?

A

plasma membrane barrier

43
Q

resting membrane potential

A

when neurons not sending signals

44
Q

what axons are used to read voltage measurements

A

squid giant axons

45
Q

voltmeter function

A

records voltage difference between the microelectrodes inside and outside the neuron
- measure of membrane potential
- measurement made as a function of time

46
Q

what are plasma membranes not very permeable to

A

cations and anions
- separates charge by keeping different ions largely inside or outside cell

47
Q

resting potential value inside cell

A

-70 mv

48
Q

is the interior or exterior of the cell more negative at rest

A

interior

49
Q

what are negative ions within the cell drawn to

A

positive ions arrayed on the outer surface

50
Q

3 factors contributing to resting potential

A
  1. Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)
  2. ion specific channels allow passive movement of ions
  3. negatively charged molecules such as proteins more abundant inside cell
51
Q

Na/K pump

A

transports 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ moved in

52
Q

are there more ungated K+ or Na+ channels

A

K+

53
Q

is the membrane more permeable to K+ or Na+ at rest

A

K+

54
Q

where are negatively charged molecules more abundant at rest

A

inside the cell

55
Q

equilibrium potential

A

opposing forces of chemical and electrical gradients can create an equilibrium where there is no net movement

56
Q

what do all cells have?

A

a membrane potential

57
Q

what cells are excitable

A

neurons and muscle cells

58
Q

excitable

A

capacity to generate electrical signals

59
Q

3 types of gated ion channels

A
  1. voltage-gated
  2. ligand-gated
  3. mechanically-gated
60
Q

voltage-gated

A

open and close in response to voltage changes

61
Q

ligand-gated

A

open and close in response to ligands or chemicals

62
Q

mechanically-gated

A

open due to distortions in the cell membrane (touch)

63
Q

polarization

A

changes in membrane potential

64
Q

depolarization

A

cell membrane is less polarized, less negative relative to surrounding solution
- gated channels open allowing Na+ to flow in and membrane potential becomes more positive (less negative)

65
Q

hyperpolarization

A

cell membrane more polarized, more negative
- K+ moves out of the cell making the cell membrane less positive (more negative)

66
Q

graded potentials

A
  • depolarization or hyperpolarization
  • varies depending on strength of stimulus
  • occur locally and dendrites or cell body
  • spreads short distance and dies out
  • act as triggers for action potential

Biology II (43 decks)

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