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Biology II > ch. 38 > Flashcards

ch. 38 Flashcards

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1
Q

how to flowers reproduce with physically distant members of their own species?

A

insect
- Rhizanthese flower emits foul odor that attracts female blowflies to lay eggs on flower and deposit sticky pollen grains in process - pollinator doesn’t benefit, no food for hatched larva

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2
Q

how to most angiosperms lure insects

A

with nectar or pollen

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3
Q

mutualistic associations

A

both plant and pollinator benefit

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4
Q

symbiotic

A

living together

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5
Q

angiosperm reproduction is characterized by:

A
  1. flowers
  2. double fertilization
  3. fruit
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6
Q

flowers

A

reproductive shoots of angiosperm sporophyte

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7
Q

where do flowers attach to stem

A

receptacle

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8
Q

4 floral organs of flowers

A
  1. carpels - sporophyll
  2. stamens - sporophyll
  3. petals - sterile modified leaves
  4. sepals - sterile modified leaves
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9
Q

carpel

A

megapsporophyll with long style and sticky stigma to capture pollen
- base of style: ovary with 1+ ovules

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10
Q

what do fertilized ovules produce

A

seeds

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11
Q

pistil

A

single carpel or group of fused carpels

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12
Q

stamen

A

microsporophyll
- filament topped by an anther
- anther contains microsporangia (pollen sacs) that produce pollen

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13
Q

sepals

A

structures that resemble leaves
- enclose/protect unopened floral buds

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14
Q

petals

A

typically brightly colored to attract pollinators

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15
Q

complete flowers

A

contain all 4 floral organs

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16
Q

incomplete flowers

A

lack 1 or more floral organs
- petals or stamens

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17
Q

sterile flowers

A

lack stamens and carpels

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18
Q

unisexual flowers

A

lack either stamen or carpel

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19
Q

inflorescences

A

clusters of flowers

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20
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma

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21
Q

how can pollination occur?

A

wind, water, animals

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22
Q

what do most angiosperm species depend on for pollination?

A

animal pollinators

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23
Q

wind-pollinated species

A
  • produced large amounts of pollen
  • 20% of angiosperms
  • grasses and many trees
  • small, inconspicuous flowers that lack nectar/scent
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24
Q

pollination by bees

A
  • 65% of angiosperms require insects, bees most important
  • brightly-colored flowers w/ sweet fragrance
  • nectar guides - UV markings that direct bees/insects to nectar-producing glands
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25
Q

pollination by moths/butterflies

A
  • flowers have sweet fragrances
  • butterfly flowers: brightly colored
  • moth flowers: white or yellow
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26
Q

pollination by bats

A
  • flowers are light and aromatic
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27
Q

pollination by flies

A
  • flowers look/smell like rotten meat
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28
Q

pollination by bids

A
  • flowers large and bright red/yellow, have little odor, produce large quantities of nectar
  • petals often fused into floral tube
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29
Q

what does angiosperm life cycle include

A
  1. gametophyte development
  2. sperm delivery by pollen tubes
  3. double fertilization
  4. seed development
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30
Q

androecium

A

all stamens of flower

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31
Q

gynoecium

A

female part of flower, consisting of. one or more carpels (pistil)

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32
Q

where does the embryo sac develop

A

(female gametophyte) within ovule

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33
Q

what is in an ovule

A

2 integuments surround a megasporangium, except at micropyle

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34
Q

What happens to the four megaspores in the ovule?

A
  • only 1 survives
  • divides w/o cytokinesis to produce 1 large cell w/ 8 haploid nuclei
  • cell is partitioned into multicellular female gametophyte (embryo sac)
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35
Q

what cells does the megaspore form

A
  • 3 antipodal cells
  • 2 polar nuclei in central cell
  • 2 synergids
  • 1 egg
36
Q

what happens to the microspores

A

each undergoes mitosis to produce 2 cells: generative and tube cell

37
Q

pollen grain composition

A

2-celled male gametophyte and spore wall

38
Q

how many sperm does the pollen tube discharge into the ovary

A

2

39
Q

what happens during fertilization

A
  • 1 sperm fertilizes egg
  • 1 sperm combines w/ 2 polar nuclei to give rise to triploid food-storing endosperm
40
Q

what does double fertilization ensure

A

that the endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs

41
Q

what happens after double fertilization

A
  • each ovule develops into a seed
  • ovary develops into fruit enclosing the seed
  • when seed germinates, embryo develops into new sporophyte
42
Q

what does a mature seed consist of

A

dormant embryo surrounded by stores food and protective layers

43
Q

does endosperm develop before or after embryo development

A

before

44
Q

what does the endosperm store

A

nutrients that can be used by seedling

45
Q

first mitotic division of the zygote

A

asymmetrical, splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and terminal cell

46
Q

basal cell of embryo

A

produces suspensor which anchors embryo to parent plant and aids in nutrient transfer to embryo

47
Q

terminal cell of embryo

A

gives rise to most of the embryo

48
Q

what encloses the embryo and its food supply?

A

hard, protective seed coat

49
Q

what happens after the seed coat forms

A

seed dehydrates and enters a state of dormancy

50
Q

water composition of mature seed

A

5-15% water

51
Q

embryo in eudicots (like common garden bean)

A

consists of embryonic axis attached to 2 fleshy cotyledons
- embryonic axis below cotyledons: hypocotyl, terminates in radicle
- above cotyledons: epicotyl

52
Q

what does the plumule comprise

A

epicotyl, young leaves, shoot apical meristem

53
Q

monocot embryo

A
  • 1 cotyledon
54
Q

scutellum

A

special cotyledon in grasses (maize/wheat)

55
Q

2 sheaths that enclose embryo of a grass seed

A
  • coleoptile - covers young shoot
  • coleorhiza - covers young root
56
Q

what does seed dormancy increase the chances of

A

germination occurring at time and place most advantageous to seedling

57
Q

what does the breaking of seed dormancy require

A

specific environmental cute
- temperature, lighting changes

58
Q

how long do seeds remain viable?

A
  • year or two, days, or centuries
59
Q

what is seed germination followed by

A

growth of stems, leaves, roots, and flowering

60
Q

imbibition

A

uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
- germination depends on it

61
Q

what emerges from the seed first?

A

radicle (embryonic root)
- developing root system anchors the plant and provides water for cell expansion
- then shoot tip breaks through soil surface

62
Q

hook in eudicots

A
  • hook forms in hypocotyl and growth pushes hook above ground
  • light causes hook to straighten and pull cotyledons and shoot tip up
63
Q

how does shoot tip grow through seed in some monocots

A
  • coleoptile pushes up through soil and creates tunnel for shoot tip to growth through
64
Q

why are flowers of certain species synchronized to appear at a specific time of year?

A

to promote outbreeding

65
Q

what is flowering triggered by

A

combination of environmental cues and internal signals

66
Q

function of fruit

A

encloses seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals

67
Q

dry fruit

A

soybean pods

68
Q

fleshy fruit

A

grapes

69
Q

different developmental classifications of fruits

A
  1. simple
  2. aggregate
  3. multiple
  4. accessory
70
Q

simple fruits

A

develop from single/several fused carpels

71
Q

aggregate fruits

A

single flower with multiple separate carpels

72
Q

multiple fruits

A

develop from group of flowers (inflorescence)

73
Q

accessory fruits

A

contain other floral parts in addition to ovaries

74
Q

how are fruits dispersed

A

wind, water, animals
- ensures seeds germinate away from competitive influence of parent plant

75
Q

asexual reproduction

A

produces offspring without fusion of egg and sperm

76
Q

offspring of asexual reproduction

A

clone of parent

77
Q

where is asexual reproduction common?

A

in angiosperms and other plants

78
Q

methods of asexual reproduction

A
  • fragmentation
  • parent root system gives rise to adventitious shoots that become separate shoot systems
79
Q

fragmentation

A

separation of parent plant into parts that develop whole plants

80
Q

apomixis

A

asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

81
Q

what is asexual reproduction also called

A

vegetative reproduction - progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments
- progeny more resilient than seedlings produced by sexual reproduction

82
Q

self-fertilize

A

some flowers self-fertilize to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed - reduces genetic diversity

83
Q

mechanisms to prevent selfing

A
  • dioecious
  • stamens/carpels that mature at different times
  • different spacial arrangements
  • self-incompatibility
84
Q

dioecious species

A

staminate flowers (lacking carpels) and carpellate flowers (lacking stamens) on separate plants

85
Q

self-incompability

A

plant rejects its own pollen

86
Q

what is recognition of self pollen based on?

A

S genes
- some plants reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells

Biology II (43 decks)

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