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Biology II > ch. 39 pt. 2 > Flashcards

ch. 39 pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

auxin acronym

A

ELF TV FAD GP
- elongation, leaf venation, fruit development, tropism, vascular cambium, female gametophyte organization, adventitious roots, apical dominance, gene expression, phyllotaxy

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2
Q

cytokinins acronym

A

DDANG
- division, apical dominance, anti-aging, nutrients to sinks, germination of seed

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3
Q

gibberellins acronym

A

GEFS JP
- germination, elongation, fruit development, sex determination, juvenile to adult, pollen development/tube

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4
Q

abscisic acid acronym

A

SSDD
- slows growth, stomatal closure, seed dormancy, drought tolerance

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5
Q

ethylene acronym

A

SSHAF
- stress, senescence, leaf abscission, fruit ripening

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6
Q

what are some of effects of gibberellins

A
  • stem elongation
  • fruit development
  • seed germination
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7
Q

where are gibberellins produced?

A

in young roots and leaves

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8
Q

how do gibberellins stimulate the growth of leaves/stems?

A

enhancing cell elongation and cell division

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9
Q

bolting

A

rapid growth of the floral stalk induced by gibberellins

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10
Q

hormones necessary for fruit development

A

auxin and gibberellins

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11
Q

what signals the seed to germinate?

A

release of gibberellins from the embryo after water is imbibed

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12
Q

how does abscisic acid slow growth?

A

antagonizing actions of growth hormones

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13
Q

what does seed dormancy increase the likelihood of

A

that a seed will germinate only in optimal condiitons

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14
Q

when do many dormant seeds germinate?

A

when ABA is removed/inactivated

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15
Q

what affects whether seeds will break dormancy?

A

ratio of ABA to gibberellins

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16
Q

what can precocious (early germination be caused by

A

inactive or low levels of ABA

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17
Q

what happens when ABA accumulates in leaves?

A

stomata close rapidly

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18
Q

early warning system

A

transport of ABA from water-stressed root systems to leaves

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19
Q

abiotic stress

A

heat, cold, drought, salt, metals, flooding
- primary metabolites
- plant development

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20
Q

biotic stress

A

pathogen attack, insect attack, herbivore attack
- phytohormones
- plant defense

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21
Q

when is ethylene produced?

A

when the plant experiences stress
- drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, infection

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22
Q

effects of ethylene

A
  • senescence
  • leaf abscission
  • fruit ripening
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23
Q

triple response to mechanical stress

A
  • ethylene produced when seedling tip pushes against obstacle
  • stem elongation slowed, stem thickens, stem grows horizontally
  • vertical growth resumes when effects wear off
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24
Q

senescence

A

programmed death of certain cells/organs/plants
- burst of ethylene associated with onset of apoptosis

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25
Q

leaf abscission

A

change in balance of auxin and ethylene stimulates process of leaf falling (autumn)

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26
Q

what happens when ethylene triggers fruit ripening

A

ripening triggers more relate of ethylene

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27
Q

how can fruit produces control ripening

A

by picking green fruit and controlling ethylene levels

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28
Q

photomorphogenesis

A

response to light

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29
Q

what qualities of light to plants detect?

A

presence, direction, intensity, wavelength (color)

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30
Q

2 major classes of light receptors

A
  1. blue-light photoreceptors
  2. phytochromes
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31
Q

what plant responses does blue light initiate?

A
  • hypocotyl elongation
  • stomatal opening
  • phototropism
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32
Q

phototropin

A

protein kinase involved in mediating plant responses to blue light

33
Q

phytochromes

A

pigments that regulate many of plant’s responses to light throughout its life

34
Q

what are phytochrome responsible for?

A
  • de-etiolation
  • seed germination
  • shade avoidance
35
Q

when do seeds remain dormant until?

A

until light and other conditions are near optimal

36
Q

effects of red light

A

increase germination
- activates phytochrome

37
Q

effects of far-red light

A

inhibits germination
- inactivates phytochrome

38
Q

are the effects of red and far-red light reversible?

A

yes

39
Q

what kind of light exposure determines the response

A

final

40
Q

what 2 states do phytochrome exist in?

A

2 photoreversible states: P(r) to P(fr) triggers developmental repsonses

41
Q

what conversion does red light trigger?

A

P(r) to P(fr) - faster
Pr is inactive, Pfr is active

42
Q

what conversion does far-red light trigger?

A

P(fr) to P(r) - slower

43
Q

what does sunlight increase the ratio of?

A

P(fr) to P(r)
- contains both red and far-red light
- triggers germination

44
Q

what do leaves in a canopy absorb?

A

red light, allow far-red light to pass through to shaded plants below

45
Q

shade avoidance

A

when a tree is shade, the phytochrome ratio shifts in favor of P(r), inducing vertical growth

46
Q

what do plant processes oscillate during the day in response to?

A

light and temperature changes

47
Q

what do many processes oscillate with a frequency of?

A

24 hours
- even under constant environmental conditions

48
Q

photoperiod

A

relative lengths of night and day
- environmental stimulus plants use to detect time of year

49
Q

photoperiodism

A

physiological response to photoperiod

50
Q

different flowering photoperiod plants

A
  • short-day
  • long-day
  • day-neutral
51
Q

short-day plants

A

plants that flower when a light period is shorter than a critical length

52
Q

long-day plants

A

plants that flower when a light period is longer than a certain number of hours

53
Q

day-neutral plants

A

controlled by plant maturity, not photoperiodf

54
Q

is flowering controlled by night length or day length

A

night length

55
Q

what are short-day plants governed by

A

whether critical night length sets a minimum number of hours of darkness

56
Q

what are long-day plants governed by

A

whether critical night length sets maximum number of hours of darkness

57
Q

gravitropsim

A

response to gravity

58
Q

what kind of gravitropism do roots show

A

positive

59
Q

what kind of gravitropism do shoots show

A

negative

60
Q

statoliths

A

dense cytoplasmic components settle in response to gravity

61
Q

thigmomorphogenesis

A

changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance

62
Q

thigmotropism

A

growth in response to touch

63
Q

where does thigmotropism occur

A

vines and other climbing plants

64
Q

what does the touch response result from

A

action potentials - transmission of electrical impulses

65
Q

what happens when water loss by transpiration exceeds water absorption?

A

plants may wilt or die

66
Q

how do plants reduce transpiration during drought?

A
  • closing stomata
  • reducing exposed surface area
  • shedding leaves
67
Q

what does waterlogged soil lack?

A

the air spaces needed to provide oxygen for cellular respiration in roots

68
Q

what does the enzymatic destruction of root cortex cells create?

A

air tubes that help plants survive oxygen deprivation during flooding

69
Q

what do some plants, like mangroves, produce in response to flooding?

A

aerial roots

70
Q

salt and water potential of soil

A
  • lower water potential of soil and reduces water uptake
71
Q

how to plants respond to salt stress?

A

producing solutes tolerated at high concentrations
- keeps water potential of cells more negative than that of soil solution

72
Q

what does excessive heat do to a plant’s enzymes?

A

denature them

73
Q

how does transpiration cool leaves?

A

evaporative cooling

74
Q

heat-shock proteins

A

proteins produced at temperatures above 40 degrees C to help protect other proteins from heat stress

75
Q

what do cold temperatures do to plants

A
  • decrease membrane fluidity
  • alter lipid composition of membranes
76
Q

what does ice formation do to water potential?

A

reduces water potential outside cell

77
Q

in frost-tolerant species, how do plants reduce water loss from the cell?

A

increase solute concentration of cytoplasm

78
Q

antifreeze proteins

A

hinder formation of ice crystals

79
Q

why to plants use defense systems?

A

to deter herbivory, prevent infection, combat pathogens

Biology II (43 decks)

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