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Biology II > ch. 45 part 1 > Flashcards

ch. 45 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

steps of long-distance regulators

A
  1. regulator/monitor
  2. setpoint
  3. change in factor (controlling factor released)
  4. hormonal release
  5. circulation
  6. target cell
  7. receptor
  8. signal transduction
  9. balance restored
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2
Q

function of endocrine system

A

chemical signaling by hormones

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3
Q

endo

A

within

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4
Q

crine

A

secrete

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5
Q

nervous system

A

network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit signals along dedicated pathways

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6
Q

what systems often overlap in function?

A

nervous and endocrine

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7
Q

where do endocrine cells secrete hormones

A

extracellular fluids

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8
Q

what are hormones picked up by

A

circulatory system

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9
Q

what does endocrine signaling do

A
  • maintains homeostasis
  • mediates responses to stimuli
  • regulates growth/development
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10
Q

local regulators

A

molecules that act over short distances
- reach target cells by diffusion

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11
Q

2 types of local regulators

A
  • paracrine signaling
  • autocrine signaling
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12
Q

paracrine signaling

A

target cells lie near secreting cells

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13
Q

autocrine signaling

A

target cell is secreting cell

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14
Q

para

A

along side

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15
Q

auto

A

self

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16
Q

roles of paracrine/autocrine signaling

A
  • blood pressure regulation
  • nervous system function
  • reproduction
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17
Q

prostaglandins

A

local regulators that mediate paracrine/autocrine signaling

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18
Q

where do prostaglandins function?

A

immune system and blood clotting

19
Q

synaptic signaling

A

neurons form specialized junctions with target cells (synapses)

20
Q

what are secreted at synapses?

A

neurotransmitters

21
Q

neurotransmitters

A

secreted molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

22
Q

neuroendocrine signaling

A

specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that diffuse from nerve endings into the blood stream

23
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that are released into the environment
- used for communication

24
Q

purpose of pheromones

A
  1. marking trails leading to food
  2. defining territories
  3. warning of predators
  4. attracting potential mates
25
Q

what are prostaglandins composed of

A

modified fatty acids

26
Q

what are local regulators composed of

A

polypeptides, gases, modified fatty acids

27
Q

nitric oxide

A

gas that functions in body as both local regulator and neurotrnasmitter

28
Q

function of NO

A

when level of oxygen in blood falls, activates enzyme that results in vasodilation
- increases blood flow to tissues

29
Q

3 major classes of hormones

A
  1. polypeptides
  2. steroids
  3. amines
30
Q

are polypeptides/amines water or lipid soluble

A

water-soluble

31
Q

are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble

A

lipid-soluble

32
Q

water-soluble hormones

A
  • secreted by exocytosis
  • travel freely in bloodstream
  • bind to cell-surface receptors
33
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A
  • diffuse across cell membranes
  • travel in blood bound to transport proteins
  • diffuse through membrane of target cell
  • receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
34
Q

what does the binding of a hormone initiate

A

signal transduction

35
Q

signal transduction

A

pathway leading to responses in cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or change in gene expression (sometimes)

36
Q

another name for epinephrine

A

adrenaline

37
Q

epinephrine

A

regulates many organs in response to stressful situations

38
Q

where does epinephrine bind

A
  • receptors on plasma membrane of liver cells
  • triggers release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in a release of glucose into bloodstream
39
Q

what 2 processes does epinephrine lead to

A
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconegenesis
40
Q

pathway of epinephrine

A
  • binds to GPCR
  • G protein with GTP activates adenyl cyclase
  • ATP activates cAMP
  • cAMP activates protein kinase A
  • leads to inhibition of glycogen synthesis and promotion of glycogen breakdown
41
Q

what is usually the response of a lipid-soluble hormone

A

change in gene expression

42
Q

what happens when a steroid hormone binds to its cytosolic receptor

A

hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus, then acts as transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

43
Q

estradiol in female birds and frogs

A

form of estrogen that binds to a cytoplasmic receptor in liver cells
- then activates transcription of genes needed to produce egg yolk

Biology II (43 decks)

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