ch. 45 part 1

Question 1

steps of long-distance regulators

Answer 1

1. regulator/monitor
2. setpoint
3. change in factor (controlling factor released)
4. hormonal release
5. circulation
6. target cell
7. receptor
8. signal transduction
9. balance restored

Question 2

function of endocrine system

Answer 2

chemical signaling by hormones

Question 3

endo

Answer 3

within

Question 4

crine

Answer 4

secrete

Question 5

nervous system

Answer 5

network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit signals along dedicated pathways

Question 6

what systems often overlap in function?

Answer 6

nervous and endocrine

Question 7

where do endocrine cells secrete hormones

Answer 7

extracellular fluids

Question 8

what are hormones picked up by

Answer 8

circulatory system

Question 9

what does endocrine signaling do

Answer 9

• maintains homeostasis
• mediates responses to stimuli
• regulates growth/development

Question 10

local regulators

Answer 10

molecules that act over short distances
- reach target cells by diffusion

Question 11

2 types of local regulators

Answer 11

• paracrine signaling
• autocrine signaling

Question 12

paracrine signaling

Answer 12

target cells lie near secreting cells

Question 13

autocrine signaling

Answer 13

target cell is secreting cell

Question 14

para

Answer 14

along side

Question 15

auto

Answer 15

self

Question 16

roles of paracrine/autocrine signaling

Answer 16

• blood pressure regulation
• nervous system function
• reproduction

Question 17

prostaglandins

Answer 17

local regulators that mediate paracrine/autocrine signaling

Question 18

where do prostaglandins function?

Answer 18

immune system and blood clotting

Question 19

synaptic signaling

Answer 19

neurons form specialized junctions with target cells (synapses)

Question 20

what are secreted at synapses?

Answer 20

neurotransmitters

Question 21

neurotransmitters

Answer 21

secreted molecules that diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

Question 22

neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 22

specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that diffuse from nerve endings into the blood stream

Question 23

pheromones

Answer 23

chemicals that are released into the environment
- used for communication

Question 24

purpose of pheromones

Answer 24

1. marking trails leading to food
2. defining territories
3. warning of predators
4. attracting potential mates

Question 25

what are prostaglandins composed of

Answer 25

modified fatty acids

Question 26

what are local regulators composed of

Answer 26

polypeptides, gases, modified fatty acids

Question 27

nitric oxide

Answer 27

gas that functions in body as both local regulator and neurotrnasmitter

Question 28

function of NO

Answer 28

when level of oxygen in blood falls, activates enzyme that results in vasodilation - increases blood flow to tissues

Question 29

3 major classes of hormones

Answer 29

1. polypeptides 2. steroids 3. amines

Question 30

are polypeptides/amines water or lipid soluble

Answer 30

water-soluble

Question 31

are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble

Answer 31

lipid-soluble

Question 32

water-soluble hormones

Answer 32

- secreted by exocytosis - travel freely in bloodstream - bind to cell-surface receptors

Question 33

lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 33

- diffuse across cell membranes - travel in blood bound to transport proteins - diffuse through membrane of target cell - receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell

Question 34

what does the binding of a hormone initiate

Answer 34

signal transduction

Question 35

signal transduction

Answer 35

pathway leading to responses in cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or change in gene expression (sometimes)

Question 36

another name for epinephrine

Answer 36

adrenaline

Question 37

epinephrine

Answer 37

regulates many organs in response to stressful situations

Question 38

where does epinephrine bind

Answer 38

- receptors on plasma membrane of liver cells - triggers release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in a release of glucose into bloodstream

Question 39

what 2 processes does epinephrine lead to

Answer 39

- glycogenolysis - gluconegenesis

Question 40

pathway of epinephrine

Answer 40

- binds to GPCR - G protein with GTP activates adenyl cyclase - ATP activates cAMP - cAMP activates protein kinase A - leads to inhibition of glycogen synthesis and promotion of glycogen breakdown

Question 41

what is usually the response of a lipid-soluble hormone

Answer 41

change in gene expression

Question 42

what happens when a steroid hormone binds to its cytosolic receptor

Answer 42

hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus, then acts as transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

Question 43

estradiol in female birds and frogs

Answer 43

form of estrogen that binds to a cytoplasmic receptor in liver cells - then activates transcription of genes needed to produce egg yolk