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Biology II > ch. 45 part 2 > Flashcards

ch. 45 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

A

release of FSH and LH

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2
Q

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone release

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3
Q

what does growth hormone-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

A

growth hormone release

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4
Q

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone release

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5
Q

inhibitory neurohormone from hypothalamus of growth hormone

A

somatostatin

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6
Q

inhibitory neurohormone from hypothalamus of prolactin

A

dopamine

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7
Q

what happens if thyroid hormone levels drop in blood

A
  • hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • TSH stimulates release of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
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8
Q

thyroid hormone components

A

T3 and T4

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9
Q

what does thyroid hormone block

A

TRH release and TSH release - prevents overproduction of thyroid hormone

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10
Q

only iodine-containing molecule synthesized in body

A

thyroid hormone

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11
Q

what happens with insufficient levels of iodine

A

low levels of thyroid hormone
- pituitary continues to secrete TSH
- thyroid gland enlarges (goiter)

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12
Q

goiter

A

thyroid gland enlarges because of too much TSH

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13
Q

does growth hormone have tropic or nountropic effects

A

both

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14
Q

major target of GH

A

liver
- responds by releasing insulin-like growth factors

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15
Q

what do insulin-like growth factors released by liver and GF stimulate

A

bone and cartilage growth

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16
Q

gigantism

A

excess of GH during childhood

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17
Q

dwarfism (short stature)

A

lack of GH during childhood

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18
Q

acromegaly

A

if high levels of GH continue from childhood to adulthood
- normally caused by tumors on pituitary

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19
Q

what can dwarfism/short stature be treated with

A

GH injections as long as treatment begins before puberty ends

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20
Q

what does endocrine signaling regulate

A

homeostasis, development, and behavior

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21
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

released by parathyroid glands when Ca2+ levels fall below a set point in blood

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22
Q

how does PTH increase blood Ca2+ levels

A
  • releases Ca2+ from bone by stimulating osteoclasts
  • stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys
  • promotes production of vitamin D
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23
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases level of blood Ca2+

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24
Q

how does calcitonin decrease blood Ca2+

A
  • stimulates Ca2+ deposition by stimulating osteoblasts in bones
  • secretion by kidneys
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25
Q

where is calcitonin produced

A

C-cell (parafollicular cell) of the thyroid

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26
Q

vitamin D

A

fat-soluble vitamin naturally present in a few foods, added to others, available as supplement, or obtained from ultraviolet rays striking skin

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27
Q

what must vitamin D obtained from sun, food, and supplements undergo

A

2 hydroxylations in body for activation
- first occurs in liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol)
- second occurs in kidney, forms 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol)

28
Q

where are adrenal glands located

A

atop the kidneys

29
Q

2 glands in each adrenal gland

A
  1. adrenal medulla (inner)
  2. adrenal cortex (outer portion)
30
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

31
Q

catecholamines

A

class of compounds that include epinephrine and norepinephrine

32
Q

what do catecholamines coordinate

A

set of physiological responses that comprise fight or flight response

33
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine functions

A
  • fight or flight
  • release of glucose/fatty acids into blood
  • increase oxygen delivery to body cells
  • direct blood toward heart, brain, skeletal muscles, away from skin, digestive system, kidneys
34
Q

where does epinephrine bind in liver cells

A

receptor that activates protein kinase A, which regulates glycogen metabolism

35
Q

what does epinephrine do in smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that supply skeletal muscle

A

leads to vasodilation increasing blood supply

36
Q

what does epinephrine do in smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that supply intestines

A

leads to vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow

37
Q

when does the adrenal cortex become active

A

under stressful conditions:
- low blood sugar
- decreased blood volume and pressure
- shock

38
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

family of steroids called corticosteroids

39
Q

2 types of corticosteroids in humans

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • mineralocorticoids
40
Q

ex. of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

41
Q

glucocorticoids function

A

influence glucose metabolism and immune system

42
Q

cortisol function

A

synthesis of glucose form non-carbohydrates, suppresses immune system

43
Q

ex. of mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

44
Q

mineralocorticoid function

A

salt and water balance

45
Q

where are most of the sex hormones produced

A

gonads: testes and ovaries

46
Q

3 sex hormones

A

androgens, estrogens, progesterone
- all 3 found in both males and females

47
Q

what do testes primarily synthesize

A

androgens (mainly testosterone)

48
Q

androgens

A

promote development of male reproductive structures

49
Q

testosterone

A

male secondary sex characteristics:
- penis
- scrotum
- hair
- aggression
- musculature

50
Q

estrogens (most importantly estradiol)

A
  • maintenance of female reproductive system
  • female secondary sex characteristics
51
Q

female secondary sex characteristics

A
  • lack of body hair
  • thicker hair on head
  • rounded hips/figure
  • decreased ability to generate muscle mass at fast rate
  • decreased upper body strength
  • breasts
  • ability to nurse children
  • menstrual cycle
  • increased body fat composition
52
Q

progesterone in mammals

A

preparing and maintaining uterus

53
Q

what is synthesis of sex hormones controlled by

A

gonadotropins

54
Q

gonadotropins

A

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

55
Q

what is gonadotropin secretion controlled by

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus

56
Q

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

synthetic estrogen prescribed to some pregnant women at risk for complications from 1938-1971
- endocrine disruptor

57
Q

what are daughters of women treated with DES at higher risk for

A

reproductive abnormalities:
- miscarriage
- structural changes
- cervical/vaginal cancers

58
Q

endocrine disruptor

A

molecule that interrupts normal function of hormone pathway

59
Q

where is pineal gland located

A

brain

60
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

61
Q

primary functions of melatonin

A

biological rhythms associated with reproduction and daily activity levels

62
Q

what is release of melatonin by pineal gland controlled by

A

group of neurons in hypothalamus called suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

63
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

group of peptide hormones produced by skin, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus

64
Q

MSH function in amphibians, fish, and reptiles

A

controls pigment distribution in melanocytes

65
Q

MSH function in mammals

A
  • hunger
  • metabolism
  • coloration

Biology II (43 decks)

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