Ch 5 - Movement Science Flashcards
biomechanics
science of how internal and external forces act on the body
sagittal plane
divides body into right and left sides; motion around coronal axis; flexion and extension, front and back, up and down
frontal plane
divides body into front and back sides; motion around anterior-posterior axis; abduction and adduction, lateral flexion, inversion and eversion, side-to-side
transverse plane
divides body into upper and lower halves; motion around longitudinal/vertical axis; head/trunk rotation, internal and external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction, forearm pronation and supination, foot internal and external rotation (aka adduction and abduction); circular movements and rotation
isotonic
“same tension;” force is produced and tension is developed with movement in a given ROM; eccentric and concentric
eccentric
muscle develops tension while lengthening because contractile force is less than resistive force; decelerates/reduces force; moves in same direction as resistance; tension in muscle is less than external force
negative
work being done on a muscle, rather than the muscle doing the work
concentric
muscle exerts contractive force greater than resistive force, shortening it; moves in opposite direction of force; has visible joint movement; accelerates/produces force
isometric
“same length;” muscle exerts force equal to force being placed on it, and has no movement and no visible change in length; dynamically stabilizes force
isokinetic
“same motion (velocity);” muscle shortens at maximial tension and constant speed over full ROM; requires equipment
force
interaction between magnitude (how much) and direction (which way), resulting in acceleration or deceleration
length-tension relationship
resting length of muscle and tension it can produce there
optimal muscle length
where actin and myosin filaments have greatest overlap; allows maximum force production
force-velocity curve
relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at different shortening velocities; as concentric velocity increases, ability to develop force decreases
force-couple relationship
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint (synergistic action)
rotary motion
movement of bones around joint
torque
force that produces rotation; turning effect
motor behavior
HMS response to internal and external stimuli; includes motor control, motor learning, and motor development
motor control
how CNS integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response; how neural structures produce movement
motor learning
integration of motor control processes through practice and experiences, leading to relatively permanent change in producing skilled movements
motor development
change in motor behavior over lifetime
muscle synergies
groups of muscles that are recruited by CNS to provide movement
proprioception
cumulative sensory input to CNS from mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement; is altered after injury
sensorimotor integration
cooperation of nervous and muscular system to gather and interpret info and execute movement; CNS interprets stimuli and sends messages muscular system to produce movement
feedback
use of sensory info and sensorimotor integration to aid in development of permanent neural representation of motor patterns
internal (sensory) feedback
sensory info is used by body to reactively monitor movement and environment
external (augmented) feedback
information from an external source
knowledge of results
used after movement to inform about the outcome
knowledge of performance
information about performance during exercise
reciprocal inhibition
when one muscle contracts, opposing muscle is signaled to relax or lengthen
altered reciprocal inhibition
optimal production of movement is impacted because one of the muscles is too lengthened or shortened
