Ch 16 - Pathologies

Question 1

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries, leading to higher BP; normal part of aging

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

build-up of fatty plaque in arteries, which narrows them and reduces blood flow, leading to higher BP; result of lifestyle

Question 3

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 3

group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically from atherosclerosis; caused by plaque build-up in peripheral arteries, especially in lower leg

Question 4

Prehypertension

Answer 4

BP between 120/80 and 139/89

Question 5

Training for children

Answer 5

1 hour daily, cautious of heat/humidity, make it fun

Question 6

Training for seniors

Answer 6

emphasize stabilization training, start seated and progress from there

Question 7

Training for obesity

Answer 7

focus on energy expenditure, balance, and proprioception, avoid lying down, may not fit in machines, be aware of privacy

Question 8

Diabetes

Answer 8

chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances fat/protein usage

Question 9

Type I Diabetes

Answer 9

insulin-dependent; body doesn’t produce enough insulin, causing high blood sugar (and fluctuations)

Question 10

Type II Diabetes

Answer 10

non-insulin-dependent; cells are resistant to insulin; associated with obesity

Question 11

Hypertension

Answer 11

BP 140/90 and higher; avoid exercise if BP is 200/115 or higher

Question 12

Training for hypertension

Answer 12

avoid lying down, heavy lifting, plyo, SMR; 1 second for concentric and isometric phases; medication may lower heart’s response to exercise

Question 13

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 13

trying to exhale forcefully with glottis closed;

Question 14

Coronary heart disease

Answer 14

caused by plaque formation in arteries and leads to angina pectoris (chest pain) or heart attack; caused by lifestyle

Question 15

Training for coronary heart disease

Answer 15

must be able to monitor heart rate and stay below upper safe limit; avoid heavy lifting, plyo, SMR; 1 second for concentric and isometric phases

Question 16

Osteopenia

Answer 16

decrease in calcification and density of bone and reduced bone mass; precursor to osteoporosis

Question 17

Osteoporosis

Answer 17

decreased bone density and bone mass, and increased space between bones, resulting in porosity and fragility

Question 18

Type I Osteoporosis

Answer 18

primary; associated with normal aging and reduced estrogen and progesterone production

Question 19

Type II Osteoporosis

Answer 19

secondary; caused by medications, medical conditions, low calcium, lifestyle; associated with low peak bone mass

Question 20

Peak bone mass

Answer 20

maximum amount of bone a person has during their life (reached during 20s)

Question 21

Training for osteoporosis

Answer 21

focus on fall prevention; including walking if possible; use only aquatics for severe cases; load more important than reps; monitor range of motion; avoid spinal loading

Question 22

Arthritis

Answer 22

chronic inflammation of joints

Question 23

Osteoarthritis

Answer 23

caused by degeneration of cartilage in joints and wearing on bone surfaces

Question 24

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 24

body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissue, causing an inflammatory response in the joints

Question 25

Training for arthritis

Answer 25

avoid high-intensity exercises, high reps, heavy lifting, and plyo; only low-impact cardio; SMR if tolerated; medication may reduce bone and muscle health; may also have osteoporosis

Question 26

Training for cancer

Answer 26

start very slow (likely deconditioned from treatment) without plyo or heavy lifting, allow adequate rest intervals, no SMR during chemo or radiation; treatment has major side effects, including fatigue

Question 27

Training for pregnancy

Answer 27

low-impact exercise; core strength important; avoid jarring motions; no lying down, uncontrolled twists, or plyo after first trimester; no pelvic exercises like hip abduction/adduction; only Phase 1 after first trimester; be aware of hydration and caloric intake

Question 28

Restrictive lung disease

Answer 28

lung tissue is fibrous, and lungs cannot expand well

Question 29

Chronic obstructive lung disease

Answer 29

restricted airflow, generally from airway obstruction caused by mucus production; includes asthma and emphysema

Question 30

Training for lung disease

Answer 30

limit upper body exercises and allow sufficient rest, use PHA, use oximeter if possible

Question 31

Dyspnea

Answer 31

shortness of breath

Question 32

Intermittent claudication

Answer 32

manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease, mainly limping, lameness, or lower leg pain during mild exercise; results from decreased blood supply in lower extremities

Question 33

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 33

narrowing of major arteries that supply blood to lower extremities; leg pain limits ability to exercise

Question 34

Training for peripheral arterial disease

Answer 34

no SMR, use treadmill if possible, may need intermittent exercise (exercise until moderate/severe discomfort, take a break, repeat)