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Z. ANPH > Ch 4 Cells Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Ch 4 Cells Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Provides energy de metabolic reactions in the form of the chemical _____, the energy compound of the cell.

A

ATP (adenosine troposphate)

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2
Q

What are the 3 main categories of organic compounds contained in cells?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
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3
Q

Main carbohydrate which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Proteins include _____,______, and _______.

A

Enzymes, some hormones and structural materials

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5
Q

________ tissue is designed to store lipids.

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

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6
Q

Within the cell’s cytoplasm are subunits called ________

A

Organelles

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7
Q

Control region of the cell that contains chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Carry genetic information

A

Chromosomes

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9
Q

Each human cell, aside from the reproductive cells, contains ___ chromosomes

A

46

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10
Q

Within the chromosomes is _____ which is organized into separate units called genes.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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11
Q

Control the formation of proteins

A

Genes

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12
Q

The catalysts needed to speed the rate of metabolic reactions

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

Cells use this compound to help manufacture proteins

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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14
Q

Changes in the genes or chromosomes

A

Mutations

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15
Q

Levels of organization from chemicals to body as a whole

A

Chemicals > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > body

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16
Q

The process where body cells divide and chromosomes are doubled then equally distributed to the two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

When a cell isn’t dividing, it remains in a stage called ________

A

Interphase

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18
Q

The process in which reproductive cells divide which halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

The study of cells

A

Cytology

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20
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues that cells are organized into?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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21
Q

_____ tissue covers and protects body structure and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.

A

Epithelial

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22
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

A

Simple epithelium is composed of cells in a single layer and absorbs materials from one system to another

Stratified epithelium has cells in multiple layers and protects deeper tissues

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23
Q

T or F. Most of the active cells in glands are epithelial cells.

A

True.

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24
Q

____ tissue supports and binds body structures.

A

Connective

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25
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Blood, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone

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26
Q

______ tissue contracts to produce movement.

A

Muscle

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27
Q

List the three types of muscle tissue.

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth or visceral muscle
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28
Q

______ muscle moves the skeleton and has visible cross-bands (striations) involved in contraction

A

Skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Because skeletal muscle is under conscious control, it is also called _______ muscle.

A

Voluntary

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30
Q

_______ muscle forms the heart.

A

Cardiac

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31
Q

Cardiac muscle functions without concessions control and is described as _______.

A

Involuntary

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32
Q

_______ muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs. It is involuntary

A

Smooth or visceral muscle

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33
Q

______ tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

A

Nervous tissue

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34
Q

Nervous tissue controls and coordinates body responded by _______.

A

Transmission of electrical impulses

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35
Q

The basic cell in nervous tissue

A

Neutron or nerve cell

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36
Q

Outer layer of the cell that encloses the cell contents, regulated what enters and leaves the cell and participates in cell growth, reproduction and interactions between cells

A

Plasma membrane

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37
Q

Short extensions of the cell membrane that absorbs materials into the cell

A

Microvilli

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38
Q

Large organelle near the centre of the cell composed of DNA, chromosomes and proteins

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Small body in the nucleus composed of RNA, DNA and protein and makes ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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40
Q

Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane and is the site of many cellular activities.

A

Cytoplasm

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41
Q

Consists of cytosol and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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42
Q

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles

A

Cytosol

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43
Q

Small bodies free in the cytoplasm of attached he’d go the ER, composed of RNA and protein that manufactures proteins

A

Ribosomes

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44
Q

Network of membranes within the cytoplasm

A

Enndoplasmic reticulum (ER)

45
Q

______ ER has ribosomes attached to it and sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds

A

Rough ER

46
Q

____ ER doesn’t have attached ribosomes and is involved with lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

47
Q

Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER and manufactures proteins

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

Large organelles with folded membranes inside that converts energy from nutrients into ATP

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

Layers of membranes that makes compounds containing proteins and sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.

A

Golgi apparatus

50
Q

Small sacs of digestive enzymes that digests substances within the cell

A

Lysosomes

51
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that bream down harmful substances

A

Peroxisomes

52
Q

Small membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm that stores materials and moves materials into or out of the cell in bulk

A

Vesicles

53
Q

Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

54
Q

Structures that extend from the cell that move the cell or the fluids around the cell

A

Surface projection

55
Q

Short hair-like projection from the cell that moves the fluids around the cell

A

Cilia

56
Q

Long whip-like extension from the cell and moves the cell

A

Flagellum

57
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase

58
Q

A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that may cover an organ, like a cavity, or separate one structure from another

A

A membrane

59
Q

______ membranes secrete _______, a thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects underlying tissue as in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory passages.

A

Mucous, mucusy

60
Q

______ membranes secrete a thin, watery fluid that likes body cavities and cover organs, such as the heart and the lungs

A

Serous

61
Q

_______ membranes cover and support organs as found around the bones, brain and spinal cord.

A

Fibrous

62
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

63
Q

What is the collective function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system?

A

Circulation

64
Q

What is the collective function of the respiratory, digestive and urinary system?

A

Nutrition and fluid balance

65
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

Production of offspring

66
Q

What is the collective function of the nervous and endocrine system?

A

Coordination and control

67
Q

What is the collective function of the skeletal and muscular system?

A

Body structure and movement

68
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Body covering

69
Q

The ______ system obtains the oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory

70
Q

The _____ system takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste

A

Digestive

71
Q

The _______ system eliminates soluble waste and balances the volume and composition of body fluids

A

Urinary

72
Q

The _____ system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses

A

Nervous

73
Q

The ______ system consists of individual glands that produce hormones

A

Endocrine

74
Q

The ______ system moves the skeleton and makes up organs that protect vital organs.

A

Muscular

75
Q

The _____ system functions in protection and helps to regulate body temperature

A

Integumentary

76
Q

Body systems work together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability, or _______

A

Homeostasis

77
Q

A part of the body with a specific function that is a component of a body system

A

Organ

78
Q

A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell

A

Organelle

79
Q

Nitrogen containing compounds that make up proteins

A

Amino acids

80
Q

The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism

A

Anabolism

81
Q

The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds

A

Catabolism

82
Q

A fibrous protein found in connective tissue

A

Collagen

83
Q

Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue

A

Interstitial

84
Q

The inner region of an organ

A

Medulla

85
Q

The outer region of an organ

A

Cortex

86
Q

The functional tissue of an organ

A

Parenchyma

87
Q

Pertaining to a wall that describes a membrane that liens a body cavity

A

Parietal

88
Q

Pertaining to the internal organs and describes a membrane on the surface of an organ

A

Visceral

89
Q

A group of cells that act together for a specific purpose

A

Tissue

90
Q

The sum of all the body’s physical and chemical activities

A

metabolism

91
Q

Maintains an unchanging internal environment so body can function as it is intended to function

A

homeostasis

92
Q

Example of a negative feedback loop

A

When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

93
Q

A process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environments or states; brings functions back to normal

A

Negative feedback in homeostasis

94
Q

T or F. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable

A

True

95
Q

Plasma membrane has two layers called ________

A

the phospholipid bilayer

96
Q

The plasma membrane provides an area for cells to ____ with each other

A

bind

97
Q

Molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration–no energy or ATP required

A

passive transportation

98
Q

What are three types of passive transportation?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. filtration

DATE OF FUN

99
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

A
  1. simple diffusion

2. facilitated diffusion

100
Q

Substance moves on its own across the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

101
Q

Substance helped across the plasma membrane by a molecule within the membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

102
Q

Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane that happens whenever the concentration is different on the two sides of the plasma membrane

A

osmosis

103
Q

Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of high pressure to low pressure

A

filtration

104
Q

This transportation requires energy (ATP) because molecules are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

A

active transportation

105
Q

What are three types of active transportation?

A
  1. active transport pumps
  2. endocytosis
  3. exocytosis
106
Q

Sodium/potassium pump, which moves sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell

A

active transport pumps

107
Q

Transporting bulk material into a cell where plasma membrane surrounds the particle and pulls it inside the cell

A

endocytosis

108
Q

Transporting bulk material out of a cell

A

exocytosis

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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