Ch 12 Digestion Flashcards
What is the function of the digestive system?
prepare food for intake by body cells
During digestion, nutrients must be broken down by ___ and ___ means into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the circulation.
mechanical and chemical
Within cells, the nutrients are used for what two purposes?
- energy
2. rebuilding vital cell components
Where does digestion take place?
the digestive tract, also called alimentary canal or GI tract
Also contributing to the digestive process are several accessory organs that release _____ into the small intestine.
secretions
Food is moved through the digestive tract by _____,
wavelike contractions of the organ walls.
peristalsis
T or F. Peristalsis also moves undigested waste material out of
the body.
true
Digestion begins in the ____ where food is chewed into small bits by the teeth.
the mouth
In the process of chewing, the ____ and the ____ help to break up the food and mix it with saliva.
the tongue and the palate (roof of mouth)
Secretion that moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch.
saliva
T or F. The moistened food is then passed into the pharynx (throat) and through the esophagus into the stomach.
true.
Food is further broken down by churning of the stomach as it is mixed with the enzyme ____ and with the acid ____.
pepsin, hydrochloric acid (HCl)
What do pepsin and HCl break down?
proteins
The partially digested food passes through this lower portion of the stomach
pylorus
The first part of the small intestine
the duodenum
The remaining sections of the small intestine and where digestion is completed.
the jejunum and ileum
The substances active in digestion in the small intestine
include ____ from the intestine itself and secretions from the ____ of digestion.
enzymes, accessory organs
The digested nutrients, as well as water, minerals, and vitamins, are absorbed into the circulation, aided by small projections in the lining of the small intestine called ____
villi
List the accessory organs.
- liver
- gallbladder
- common bile duct
- pancreas
- diaphragm
- spleen
Large gland that processes blood brought to it by a special circulatory pathway called the
_______.
liver, hepatic portal system
The liver’s role in digestion is the secretion of ___, which breaks down fats.
bile
Bile is stored in
the _____ until needed. The common hepatic duct from the liver and the cystic duct from the gallbladder
merge to form the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. The pancreas produces a
mixture of digestive enzymes that is delivered into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
gallbladder
The ____ from the liver and the ____ from the gallbladder merge to form the common bile duct
common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
The common bile duct empties into the _____.
duodenum
The pancreas produces a
mixture of ____ that is delivered into the duodenum through the _____.
digestive enzymes, pancreatic duct.
Undigested food, water, and digestive juices pass into the ______.
large intestine
The large intestines begin in the _____ of the abdomen with a small pouch, the ____, to which the appendix is attached.
lower right region, cecum
T or F. After the cecum, the large intestine continues as the colon, a name that is often used to mean the large intestine
because the colon constitutes such a large portion of that organ.
True
The colon travels upward along the right side of the abdomen as the _______, crosses below the stomach as the ______, then continues down the left side of the abdomen as the ______.
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
