Ch 11 Respiration Flashcards
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide ____ to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate _____.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
T or F. The respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.
True
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the ____.
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs.
Two cone-shaped organs
located in the thoracic cavity
lungs
A double membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic
cavity.
pleura
The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
The inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura
the pleural space
T or F. Air is carried to and from the lungs in a series of tubes in which no gas exchange occurs.
True
Air enters through the nose, where it is ____, ____,
and ____ as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
warmed, filtered and moistened
Microscopic hairlike projections from the cells that line the nose and sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination.
cilia
Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat
sputum
Air filled cavities lined with mucous membranes that
drain into the nasal cavity. These chambers lighten the bones and provide resonance for speech production.
sinus
Together, because they are near the nose, these cavities are referred to as the ______.
paranasal sinuses
Receptors for the sense of smell are located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called _____ or _____.
turbinate
bones, conchae
The medical term for breathing
pulmonary ventilation
What are two structures of the upper respiratory system?
- nose
2. pharynx
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngeal pharynx
naso-oro-laryngeal
What are the four structures of the lower respiratory system?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
LTBTB
The medical term for throat
pharynx
The upper portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity
the nasopharynx
The middle portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
the oropharynx
The lower portion of the pharynx behind the larynx.
the laryngeal pharynx
The ____ are on either side of the soft palate in the oropharynx.
palatine tonsils
The ______, or adenoids, are in the nasopharynx.
pharyngeal tonsils
The pharynx conducts air into the ____, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse.
trachea
Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by ___ or
by ___.
swallowing, expectoration
At the top of the trachea and is shaped by nine cartilages,
the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.”
larynx
The opening
between the vocal cords
glottis
Cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.
epiglottis
The larynx contains the ______, folds of tissue that are important in speech production
vocal cords
_____ produced by air passing over the vocal cords form the basis for voice production, although portions
of the throat and mouth are needed for proper articulation of speech.
vibrations
The trachea is contained in a region known as the ____, which consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space.
mediastinum
T or F. In addition to the trachea, the mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.
True
At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main stem _____ that enter the lungs.
bronchus
The right bronchus divides into ___ secondary bronchi that enter the ___ lobes of the
right lung.
three, three
The left bronchus divides into ___ branches that supply the ___ lobes of the left lung.
two, two
Further divisions
produce an increasing number of smaller tubes that supply air to smaller subdivisions of lung tissue
bronchioles
As the air passageways progress through the lungs, the cartilage in the walls gradually disappears and is replaced
by _____ muscle.
smooth (involuntary)
The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles, carry air into the microscopic air sacs called ______.
alveoli
Structure through which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood
alveoli
T or F. It is through the ultrathin walls of the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries that oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out
of the blood for elimination.
true
Breathing consists of a steady cycle of _____ and _____, separated by a period of rest.
inspiration (inhalation), expiration (exhalation)
The breathing cycle begins when the _____ stimulates the _____ to contract and flatten, thus enlarging
the _____.
phrenic nerve, diaphragm, chest cavity
The resulting decrease in _____ within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs
pressure
The ______ between the ribs aid in inspiration by pulling the ribs up and out.
intercostal muscles
The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure
compliance
Fluid produced within the lung that aids in compliance by reducing surface tension within the alveoli.
surfactant
Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles ____, the
lungs go back to their original size, and air is forced out.
relax
Muscles of the ____ and ___ are used in addition for forceful inhalation.
neck and thorax
Muscles of the ____ and ____ can be called on for forceful exhalation.
rib cage and abdomen
Breathing is normally regulated unconsciously by centers in the _____.
brainstem
T or F. Brainstem centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according to changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concentration
of carbon dioxide.
true
Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to _____ and is released to the cells as needed.
hemoglobin in red blood cells
Carbon dioxide is carried in several ways but is mostly converted to an acid called _____
carbonic acid
The amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled is important in regulating the ____ or ____ of the blood, based on the amount of carbonic acid that is formed.
acidity or alkalinity
T or F. Dangerous shifts in blood pH can result from too much
or too little carbon dioxide being exhaled.
True
-pnea
breathing
-oxia
level of oxygen
When referring to levels of O2 or CO2 in the blood, the suffix ____ is used
-emia
-capnia
level of CO2
-phonia
voice
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
layrng/o
larynx
trache/o
trachea
bronch/o, bronch/i
bronchus
bronchiol
bronchiole
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
pleur/o
pleura
pulm/o,pulmon/o
lungs
pneumon/o
lung
pneum/o, pneumat/o
air, gas; also respiration, lung
spir/o
breathing
ABG
arterial blood gas
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
LLL
lower left lobe
LUL
upper left lobe
PFT
pulmonary function test(s)
RML
right middle love
T&A
tonsils and adenoids
TLC
total lung capacity
TLC
total lung capacity
During inspiration, pressure in the lungs ____ and air is pulled in
decreases
During expiration, lung pressure _____
increases
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in ____
plasma
What factors increases respiration?
anxiety, vigorous exercise
What are RS infections caused by bacteria
bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
Most common cause of death in newborns caused by a deficient amount of surfanctant
RDS Respiratory Distress Syndrome
PFTs are used to assess breathing using a _____ and measures volumes of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs.
spirometer
