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Z. ANPH > Ch 11 Respiration > Flashcards

Ch 11 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

The main function of the respiratory system is to provide ____ to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate _____.

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

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2
Q

T or F. The respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.

A

True

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3
Q

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the ____.

A

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs.

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4
Q

Two cone-shaped organs

located in the thoracic cavity

A

lungs

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5
Q

A double membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic
cavity.

A

pleura

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6
Q

The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

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7
Q

The inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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8
Q

The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura

A

the pleural space

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9
Q

T or F. Air is carried to and from the lungs in a series of tubes in which no gas exchange occurs.

A

True

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10
Q

Air enters through the nose, where it is ____, ____,

and ____ as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.

A

warmed, filtered and moistened

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11
Q

Microscopic hairlike projections from the cells that line the nose and sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination.

A

cilia

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12
Q

Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat

A

sputum

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13
Q

Air filled cavities lined with mucous membranes that

drain into the nasal cavity. These chambers lighten the bones and provide resonance for speech production.

A

sinus

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14
Q

Together, because they are near the nose, these cavities are referred to as the ______.

A

paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

Receptors for the sense of smell are located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called _____ or _____.

A

turbinate

bones, conchae

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16
Q

The medical term for breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation

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17
Q

What are two structures of the upper respiratory system?

A
  1. nose

2. pharynx

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18
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngeal pharynx

naso-oro-laryngeal

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19
Q

What are the four structures of the lower respiratory system?

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. terminal bronchioles

LTBTB

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20
Q

The medical term for throat

A

pharynx

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21
Q

The upper portion of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity

A

the nasopharynx

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22
Q

The middle portion of the pharynx behind the mouth

A

the oropharynx

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23
Q

The lower portion of the pharynx behind the larynx.

A

the laryngeal pharynx

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24
Q

The ____ are on either side of the soft palate in the oropharynx.

A

palatine tonsils

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25
Q

The ______, or adenoids, are in the nasopharynx.

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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26
Q

The pharynx conducts air into the ____, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse.

A

trachea

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27
Q

Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by ___ or
by ___.

A

swallowing, expectoration

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28
Q

At the top of the trachea and is shaped by nine cartilages,

the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.”

A

larynx

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29
Q

The opening

between the vocal cords

A

glottis

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30
Q

Cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.

A

epiglottis

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31
Q

The larynx contains the ______, folds of tissue that are important in speech production

A

vocal cords

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32
Q

_____ produced by air passing over the vocal cords form the basis for voice production, although portions
of the throat and mouth are needed for proper articulation of speech.

A

vibrations

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33
Q

The trachea is contained in a region known as the ____, which consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space.

A

mediastinum

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34
Q

T or F. In addition to the trachea, the mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.

A

True

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35
Q

At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main stem _____ that enter the lungs.

A

bronchus

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36
Q

The right bronchus divides into ___ secondary bronchi that enter the ___ lobes of the
right lung.

A

three, three

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37
Q

The left bronchus divides into ___ branches that supply the ___ lobes of the left lung.

A

two, two

38
Q

Further divisions

produce an increasing number of smaller tubes that supply air to smaller subdivisions of lung tissue

A

bronchioles

39
Q

As the air passageways progress through the lungs, the cartilage in the walls gradually disappears and is replaced
by _____ muscle.

A

smooth (involuntary)

40
Q

The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles, carry air into the microscopic air sacs called ______.

A

alveoli

41
Q

Structure through which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood

A

alveoli

42
Q

T or F. It is through the ultrathin walls of the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries that oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out
of the blood for elimination.

A

true

43
Q

Breathing consists of a steady cycle of _____ and _____, separated by a period of rest.

A

inspiration (inhalation), expiration (exhalation)

44
Q

The breathing cycle begins when the _____ stimulates the _____ to contract and flatten, thus enlarging
the _____.

A

phrenic nerve, diaphragm, chest cavity

45
Q

The resulting decrease in _____ within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs

A

pressure

46
Q

The ______ between the ribs aid in inspiration by pulling the ribs up and out.

A

intercostal muscles

47
Q

The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure

A

compliance

48
Q

Fluid produced within the lung that aids in compliance by reducing surface tension within the alveoli.

A

surfactant

49
Q

Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles ____, the

lungs go back to their original size, and air is forced out.

A

relax

50
Q

Muscles of the ____ and ___ are used in addition for forceful inhalation.

A

neck and thorax

51
Q

Muscles of the ____ and ____ can be called on for forceful exhalation.

A

rib cage and abdomen

52
Q

Breathing is normally regulated unconsciously by centers in the _____.

A

brainstem

53
Q

T or F. Brainstem centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according to changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concentration
of carbon dioxide.

A

true

54
Q

Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to _____ and is released to the cells as needed.

A

hemoglobin in red blood cells

55
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried in several ways but is mostly converted to an acid called _____

A

carbonic acid

56
Q

The amount of carbon dioxide that is exhaled is important in regulating the ____ or ____ of the blood, based on the amount of carbonic acid that is formed.

A

acidity or alkalinity

57
Q

T or F. Dangerous shifts in blood pH can result from too much
or too little carbon dioxide being exhaled.

A

True

58
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

59
Q

-oxia

A

level of oxygen

60
Q

When referring to levels of O2 or CO2 in the blood, the suffix ____ is used

A

-emia

61
Q

-capnia

A

level of CO2

62
Q

-phonia

A

voice

63
Q

nas/o

A

nose

64
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

65
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

66
Q

layrng/o

A

larynx

67
Q

trache/o

A

trachea

68
Q

bronch/o, bronch/i

A

bronchus

69
Q

bronchiol

A

bronchiole

70
Q

phrenic/o

A

phrenic nerve

71
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

72
Q

pulm/o,pulmon/o

A

lungs

73
Q

pneumon/o

A

lung

74
Q

pneum/o, pneumat/o

A

air, gas; also respiration, lung

75
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

76
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas

77
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome

78
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

79
Q

LLL

A

lower left lobe

80
Q

LUL

A

upper left lobe

81
Q

PFT

A

pulmonary function test(s)

82
Q

RML

A

right middle love

83
Q

T&A

A

tonsils and adenoids

84
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

85
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

86
Q

During inspiration, pressure in the lungs ____ and air is pulled in

A

decreases

87
Q

During expiration, lung pressure _____

A

increases

88
Q

Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in ____

A

plasma

89
Q

What factors increases respiration?

A

anxiety, vigorous exercise

90
Q

What are RS infections caused by bacteria

A

bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia

91
Q

Most common cause of death in newborns caused by a deficient amount of surfanctant

A

RDS Respiratory Distress Syndrome

92
Q

PFTs are used to assess breathing using a _____ and measures volumes of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs.

A

spirometer

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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