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Z. ANPH > Ch 10 Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 10 Blood and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Whole blood can be divided

into two main components:

A
  1. the liquid portion, or plasma (55%)
  2. formed elements, or blood
    cells (45%).
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2
Q

Plasma is about __% water. The remaining __% contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases,
albumin (a protein), clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and hormones.

A

90% water, 10% nutrients electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes and hormones.

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3
Q 
The pH (relative acidity) of the plasma remains steady at
about \_\_\_.
A

7.4

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4
Q

The blood cells are _____, or red blood cells; _____, or white blood cells; and platelets,
also called _____.

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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5
Q

All blood cells are produced in ______.

A

red bone marrow

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6
Q

Some white blood cells multiply

in _____ as well.

A

lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

The major function of erythrocytes is to _______.

A

carry oxygen to cells

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8
Q

Oxygen from red blood cells is bound to an iron-containing pigment within the cells called ______.

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

T or F. Erythrocytes are small, disk-shaped cells with no nucleus.

A

True

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10
Q

T or F. Red blood cell concentration of about 5 million per µL (cubic millimeter) of blood makes them by far the most numerous
of the blood cells.

A

True

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11
Q

A red blood cell gradually wears out and dies in about ___ days, so these cells must be constantly replaced.

A

120

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12
Q

Production of red cells in the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone ______, which is
made in the kidneys.

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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13
Q

T or F. White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained.

A

True.

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14
Q

Leukocytes are identified by

the ____, _____ and by their _____ properties.

A
  1. size
  2. appearance of the nucleus
  3. staining properties
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15
Q

List the five different types of leukocytes.

A
  1. granular leukocytes/granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

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16
Q

These leukocytes have visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained

A

Granulocytes

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17
Q

These leukocytes don’t have visible granules when stained.

A

Agranulocytes

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18
Q

List the three types of granulocytes:

A
  1. neutrophils,
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils

BENG baso, eosino, neutro, granulocytes

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19
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are named for ____

A

the kind of stain they take up

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20
Q

List two types of agranulocytes. lymphocytes and monocytes.

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes

grand MAL, monocytes, agranuloctes, lymphocytes

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21
Q

T or F. White blood cells protect against foreign substances.

A

True

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22
Q

Some white blood cells engulf foreign material by the process of _____.

A

phagocytosis

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23
Q

T or F. In diagnosis it isn’t important to know the total number of leukocytes and the relative number of each type

A

False. It is important to know these because these numbers can change in different disease conditions.

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24
Q

The most numerous white blood cells

A

neutrophils

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25
Q

Neutrophils are also called _____ because of their various-shaped nuclei. They are also referred to as:

A

polymorphs. Also called segs, polys, or PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

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26
Q

An immature neutrophil with a solid curved nucleus, large numbers of which indicate an active infection.

A

A band cell, also called a stab or staff cell

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27
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

allergic reactions; defense against parasites

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29
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

allergic reactions

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30
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

immunity

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31
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

phagocytosis

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32
Q

Fragments of larger cells formed in the bone marrow.

A

blood platelets or thrombocytes

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33
Q

Platelets are important in ____ and ____.

A
  1. hemostasis

2. coagulation.

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34
Q

The prevention of blood loss

A

hemostasis

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35
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

coagulation

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36
Q

When a vessel is injured, platelets _____ to form a ____ at the site.

A

When a vessel is injured, platelets stick together to form a plug at the site.

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37
Q

Substances released from the
_____ and _____ interact with clotting factors in the plasma to produce a wound-sealing
clot.

A

platelets and damaged tissue

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38
Q

Clotting factors are ____ in the blood until an injury occurs.

A

inactive

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39
Q

To protect against unwanted clot formation, _____ must interact before blood coagulates.

A

12 different factors

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40
Q

The final reaction is the conversion of _____ to ____ that trap blood cells and plasma to produce the clot.

A

fibrinogen to threads of fibrin

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41
Q

What remains of the plasma after blood coagulates

A

serum

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42
Q

__________ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.

A

genetically inherited proteins

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43
Q

20+ groups of blood type proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the __ and __ blood groups.

A

ABO and Rh

44
Q

List the types in the ABO system.

A

A
B
AB
O

45
Q

List the two Rh types.

A
  1. Rh positive (Rh+)

2. Rh negative (Rh−)

46
Q

T or F. In giving blood transfusions, it is important to use blood that is the same type as the recipient’s blood or a type to which the recipient will not show an immune reaction.

A

True.

47
Q

Compatible blood types are determined by _______.

A

cross-matching

48
Q

______ may be used to replace a large volume of blood

lost.

A

whole blood

49
Q

In most cases requiring blood transfusion, a _____ such as packed red cells, platelets, plasma, or specific clotting factors is administered.

A

blood fraction

50
Q

Some defenses against foreign matter are _____, that is,

they protect against any intruder.

A

nonspecific

51
Q

List some nonspecific defenses.

A
  1. unbroken SKIN
  2. blood-filtering LYMPHOID TISSUE
  3. CILIA and MUCUS that trap foreign material
  4. bactericidal body SECRETIONS
  5. REFLEXES eg coughing and sneezing

sslcmr

52
Q

Specific attacks on disease organisms are mounted by the ________.

A

immune system

53
Q

The immune response involves

complex interactions between ________ and _____.

A

components of the lymphatic system and blood

54
Q

Any foreign particle may

act as an _____, that is, a substance that provokes a response by the immune system.

A

antigen

55
Q

Immune system responses come

from these two types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system.

A
  1. T cells (T lymphocytes)

2. B cells(B lymphocytes)

56
Q

T cells mature in the _______.

A

thymus gland

57
Q

T-cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell ______, producing _______.

A

T cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity.

58
Q

Descendants of monocytes and are important in the function of T cells.

A

macrophages

59
Q

Macrophages take in and process ______.

A

foreign antigens

60
Q

A T cell is activated when it contacts an _____ on the

surface of a _____ in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.

A

antigen, macrophage

61
Q

The B cells mature in ______.

A

lymphoid tissue

62
Q

When B-cells meet a foreign antigen they _____, transforming into _____.

A

multiply rapidly, plasma cells

63
Q

B cells produce ______

that inactivate an antigen.

A

antibodies (also called immunoglobulins (Ig)

64
Q

Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing ______ to the specific organism against which they were formed.

A

long-term immunity

65
Q

Antibody-based immunity is referred to as ______.

A

humoral immunity

66
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. transportation
  2. protection
  3. regulation
67
Q

Blood is a _____ tissue

A

connective

68
Q

What are the 3 steps in clotting?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
69
Q

Coagulation needs ____ ions

A

calcium

70
Q

What are the 3 steps in coagulation?

A
  1. prothrombin > thrombin
  2. thrombin converts fibrinogen > fibrin
  3. fibrin threads > mesh > clot
71
Q

Clot is dissolved after healing has taken place

A

fibrinolysis

72
Q

T or F. Rh - blood is given to Rh- patients and Rh+ blood is given to Rh+ patients

A

true

73
Q

If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.

A

A

74
Q

If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.

A

B

75
Q

If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.

A

AB

76
Q

If your blood cells do not stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.

A

O

77
Q

Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin due to blood loss, hemolysis, improper formation of new RBCs due to iron or vitamin deficiency

A

anemia

78
Q

Inability to clot blood

A

hemophelia

79
Q

Large number of cancerous WBCs

A

leukemia

80
Q

A cell that is formed from a B cell that produces antibodies

A

platelet

81
Q

The cellular components of blood

A

formed elements

82
Q

-emia, -hemia

A

condition of blood

83
Q

-penia

A

decrease in, deficiency of

84
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

85
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

86
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood

87
Q

erythr/o, erythrocyt/o

A

red blood cell

88
Q

leuk/o, leukocyt/o

A

white blood cell

89
Q

lymph/o, lymphocyt/o

A

lymphocyte

90
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

91
Q

thrombocyt/o

A

platelet, thrombocyte

92
Q

immun/o

A

immunity, immune system

93
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen compounds

94
Q

calc/i

A

calcium

95
Q

ferr/o, ferr/i

A

iron

96
Q

sider/o

A

iron

97
Q

kali

A

potassium

98
Q

natri

A

sodium

99
Q

ox/y

A

oxygen

100
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

101
Q

Nonspecific line of defense found in skin and mucous membranes

A

first line of defense or innate immunity

102
Q

Natural killer cells and phagocytosis are considered the ____ line of defense in innate immunity

A

second line of defense

103
Q

Line of defense specific towards a disease or other foreign substance. Has a memory

A

third line of defense or adaptive immunity

104
Q

T or F. Memory T-cells activate quicker during a second encounter with a specific antigen.

A

True

105
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. natural adaptive immunity
  2. artificial adaptive immunity

both types can be active or passive

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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