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Z. ANPH > Ch 10 Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 10 Blood and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Whole blood can be divided

into two main components:

A
  1. the liquid portion, or plasma (55%)
  2. formed elements, or blood
    cells (45%).
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2
Q

Plasma is about __% water. The remaining __% contains nutrients, electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases,
albumin (a protein), clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and hormones.

A

90% water, 10% nutrients electrolytes (dissolved salts), gases, albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes and hormones.

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3
Q 
The pH (relative acidity) of the plasma remains steady at
about \_\_\_.
A

7.4

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4
Q

The blood cells are _____, or red blood cells; _____, or white blood cells; and platelets,
also called _____.

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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5
Q

All blood cells are produced in ______.

A

red bone marrow

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6
Q

Some white blood cells multiply

in _____ as well.

A

lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

The major function of erythrocytes is to _______.

A

carry oxygen to cells

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8
Q

Oxygen from red blood cells is bound to an iron-containing pigment within the cells called ______.

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

T or F. Erythrocytes are small, disk-shaped cells with no nucleus.

A

True

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10
Q

T or F. Red blood cell concentration of about 5 million per µL (cubic millimeter) of blood makes them by far the most numerous
of the blood cells.

A

True

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11
Q

A red blood cell gradually wears out and dies in about ___ days, so these cells must be constantly replaced.

A

120

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12
Q

Production of red cells in the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone ______, which is
made in the kidneys.

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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13
Q

T or F. White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained.

A

True.

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14
Q

Leukocytes are identified by

the ____, _____ and by their _____ properties.

A
  1. size
  2. appearance of the nucleus
  3. staining properties
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15
Q

List the five different types of leukocytes.

A
  1. granular leukocytes/granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

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16
Q

These leukocytes have visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained

A

Granulocytes

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17
Q

These leukocytes don’t have visible granules when stained.

A

Agranulocytes

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18
Q

List the three types of granulocytes:

A
  1. neutrophils,
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils

BENG baso, eosino, neutro, granulocytes

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19
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are named for ____

A

the kind of stain they take up

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20
Q

List two types of agranulocytes. lymphocytes and monocytes.

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes

grand MAL, monocytes, agranuloctes, lymphocytes

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21
Q

T or F. White blood cells protect against foreign substances.

A

True

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22
Q

Some white blood cells engulf foreign material by the process of _____.

A

phagocytosis

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23
Q

T or F. In diagnosis it isn’t important to know the total number of leukocytes and the relative number of each type

A

False. It is important to know these because these numbers can change in different disease conditions.

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24
Q

The most numerous white blood cells

A

neutrophils

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25
Neutrophils are also called _____ because of their various-shaped nuclei. They are also referred to as:
polymorphs. Also called segs, polys, or PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
26
An immature neutrophil with a solid curved nucleus, large numbers of which indicate an active infection.
A band cell, also called a stab or staff cell
27
What is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis
28
What is the function of eosinophils?
allergic reactions; defense against parasites
29
What is the function of basophils?
allergic reactions
30
What is the function of lymphocytes?
immunity
31
What is the function of monocytes?
phagocytosis
32
Fragments of larger cells formed in the bone marrow.
blood platelets or thrombocytes
33
Platelets are important in ____ and ____.
1. hemostasis | 2. coagulation.
34
The prevention of blood loss
hemostasis
35
Process of blood clotting
coagulation
36
When a vessel is injured, platelets _____ to form a ____ at the site.
When a vessel is injured, platelets stick together to form a plug at the site.
37
Substances released from the _____ and _____ interact with clotting factors in the plasma to produce a wound-sealing clot.
platelets and damaged tissue
38
Clotting factors are ____ in the blood until an injury occurs.
inactive
39
To protect against unwanted clot formation, _____ must interact before blood coagulates.
12 different factors
40
The final reaction is the conversion of _____ to ____ that trap blood cells and plasma to produce the clot.
fibrinogen to threads of fibrin
41
What remains of the plasma after blood coagulates
serum
42
__________ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.
genetically inherited proteins
43
20+ groups of blood type proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the __ and __ blood groups.
ABO and Rh
44
List the types in the ABO system.
A B AB O
45
List the two Rh types.
1. Rh positive (Rh+) | 2. Rh negative (Rh−)
46
T or F. In giving blood transfusions, it is important to use blood that is the same type as the recipient’s blood or a type to which the recipient will not show an immune reaction.
True.
47
Compatible blood types are determined by _______.
cross-matching
48
______ may be used to replace a large volume of blood | lost.
whole blood
49
In most cases requiring blood transfusion, a _____ such as packed red cells, platelets, plasma, or specific clotting factors is administered.
blood fraction
50
Some defenses against foreign matter are _____, that is, | they protect against any intruder.
nonspecific
51
List some nonspecific defenses.
1. unbroken SKIN 2. blood-filtering LYMPHOID TISSUE 3. CILIA and MUCUS that trap foreign material 4. bactericidal body SECRETIONS 4. REFLEXES eg coughing and sneezing sslcmr
52
Specific attacks on disease organisms are mounted by the ________.
immune system
53
The immune response involves | complex interactions between ________ and _____.
components of the lymphatic system and blood
54
Any foreign particle may | act as an _____, that is, a substance that provokes a response by the immune system.
antigen
55
Immune system responses come | from these two types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system.
1. T cells (T lymphocytes) | 2. B cells(B lymphocytes)
56
T cells mature in the _______.
thymus gland
57
T-cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell ______, producing _______.
T cells are capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity.
58
Descendants of monocytes and are important in the function of T cells.
macrophages
59
Macrophages take in and process ______.
foreign antigens
60
A T cell is activated when it contacts an _____ on the | surface of a _____ in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.
antigen, macrophage
61
The B cells mature in ______.
lymphoid tissue
62
When B-cells meet a foreign antigen they _____, transforming into _____.
multiply rapidly, plasma cells
63
B cells produce ______ | that inactivate an antigen.
antibodies (also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
64
Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing ______ to the specific organism against which they were formed.
long-term immunity
65
Antibody-based immunity is referred to as ______.
humoral immunity
66
What are the three functions of blood?
1. transportation 2. protection 3. regulation
67
Blood is a _____ tissue
connective
68
What are the 3 steps in clotting?
1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation
69
Coagulation needs ____ ions
calcium
70
What are the 3 steps in coagulation?
1. prothrombin > thrombin 2. thrombin converts fibrinogen > fibrin 3. fibrin threads > mesh > clot
71
Clot is dissolved after healing has taken place
fibrinolysis
72
T or F. Rh - blood is given to Rh- patients and Rh+ blood is given to Rh+ patients
true
73
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.
A
74
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.
B
75
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum, you have type _ blood.
AB
76
If your blood cells do not stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, you have type _ blood.
O
77
Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin due to blood loss, hemolysis, improper formation of new RBCs due to iron or vitamin deficiency
anemia
78
Inability to clot blood
hemophelia
79
Large number of cancerous WBCs
leukemia
80
A cell that is formed from a B cell that produces antibodies
platelet
81
The cellular components of blood
formed elements
82
-emia, -hemia
condition of blood
83
-penia
decrease in, deficiency of
84
-poiesis
formation, production
85
myel/o
bone marrow
86
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
87
erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
red blood cell
88
leuk/o, leukocyt/o
white blood cell
89
lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
lymphocyte
90
thromb/o
blood clot
91
thrombocyt/o
platelet, thrombocyte
92
immun/o
immunity, immune system
93
azot/o
nitrogen compounds
94
calc/i
calcium
95
ferr/o, ferr/i
iron
96
sider/o
iron
97
kali
potassium
98
natri
sodium
99
ox/y
oxygen
100
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
101
Nonspecific line of defense found in skin and mucous membranes
first line of defense or innate immunity
102
Natural killer cells and phagocytosis are considered the ____ line of defense in innate immunity
second line of defense
103
Line of defense specific towards a disease or other foreign substance. Has a memory
third line of defense or adaptive immunity
104
T or F. Memory T-cells activate quicker during a second encounter with a specific antigen.
True
105
What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?
1. natural adaptive immunity 2. artificial adaptive immunity both types can be active or passive

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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