Ch 20 The Muscular System Flashcards by Jett De Leon

Main characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to ___

contract

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Muscles may remain partially contracted to maintain ____

posture

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The heat generated by ____is the main source of body heat

muscle contraction

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What are the three types of muscle tissue?

smooth or visceral muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle

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Muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the hollow organs and the walls of the ducts such as the blood vessels and bronchioles

smooth or visceral muscle

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Does smooth muscle operate voluntarily or involuntarily?

involuntarily

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Smooth muscle is responsible for ___: the wavelike movements that propel materials through the systems

smooth or visceral muscle

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Muscle that makes up the myocardium of the heart wall responsible for pumping of the heart

cardiac muscle

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Does cardiac muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?

involuntarily

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Muscle attached to the bones of the skeleton; maintains posture and generates a large proportion of body heat

skeletal muscle

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Does skeletal muscle work voluntarily or involuntarily?

voluntarily

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Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by ___ of the nervous system

motor neurons

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The point where a branch of neuron meets a muscle cell

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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Released at the neuromuscular junction and prompts contraction of the cell of skeletal muscles

acetylcholine

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Two proteins in the cell __ and __ interact to produce the contraction

actin and myosin

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__ (the cell’s energy compound) and __ are needed for the contraction response

ATP and calcium

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State of firmness kept in a steady partially contracted state, to maintain posture for example

tonus or muscle tone

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Most skeletal muscles contract rapidly to produce ____ and then relax rapidly unless stimulation continues.

movement

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Muscles work in ___ to produce movement at the joints (see Display 20-1).

pairs

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As one muscle, called the ____ contracts, an opposing muscle, called the ___ must relax.

prime mover, antagonist

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The point where the muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton

origin

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The point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton

insertion

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A muscle can be named according to which 5 axes?

location
the direction of its fibers
size
shape
number of attachment points (heads) as indicated by the suffix -ceps

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Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: closing the angle at a joint like bending at the knee or elbow

flexion

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Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: opening the angle at a joint like straightening at the knee or elbow

extension

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement away from the midline of the body, like the outward movement of the arms at the shoulders

abduction

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: movement toward the midline of the body, like the return of lifted arms to the body

adduction

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning of a body part on its own axis, like turning the forearm from the elbow

rotation

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: circular movement from a central point, like a circle with an outstretched arm

circumduction

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning downward, like turning the palm of the hand downward

pronation

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning upward, like turning the palm of the hand upward

supination

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning outward, like turning the sole of the foot outward

eversion

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: turning inward, like turning the sole of the foot inward

inversion

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending backward, like moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot

dorsiflexion

Types of Movement Produced by Muscles: bending the sole of the foot, like pointing the toes downward

plantar flexion

Muscles are composed of individual cells, often referred to as ____ because they are so long and threadlike

fibers

Fibers are held together in bundles by ____ tissue.

connective

Covering each muscle is a | fibrous sheath of connective tissue or ____

fascia (deep)

Supporting tissues merge to form the ___ that attaches the muscle to a bone

tendon

Smallest to biggest: structure of a skeletal muscle

muscle fiber (cell), fascia, connective tissue, body of muscle, tendon

my/o

muscle

muscul/o

muscle

in/o

fiber

fasci/o

fascia

ten/o, tendin/o

tendon

ton/o

tone

kine, kinesi/o, kineto

movement

Muscle function may be affected by disorders in other systems, particularly in the __ and __

nervous system, connective tisuse

Any disorder of muscles

myopathy

EMG

electromyography

creatine kinase

polymyositis

inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness

FMS

fibromyalgia syndrome

CFS

chronic fatigue syndrome

myasthenia gravis

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

ACH

acetylcholine

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CFS

chronic fatigue syndrome

C(P)K

creatinine (phospo)kinase

occupational therapy

physical therapy

ROM

range of motion

What are the 4 functions of muscles?

movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

A typical muscle contains ___ of muscle fibers

thousands

Fibres are bundled together to form ____

fascicles

Fascia extends beyond the muscles to become its ___

tendon

Joins muscles to bones

tendons

Joins bone to bone

ligaments

Muscles and nerves, step 1: Muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron at ___

NMJ

Muscles and nerves, step 2: When impulse reaches the axon terminal, ____ release neurotransmitters acetylcholine

vesicles

Muscles and nerves, step 3: Acetylcholine enters the ____ and bind to the receptor sites on the muscle fiber

synaptic cleft

Muscles and nerves, step 4: ___ floods the muscle fiber and allows for actin myosin and ATP to interact and cause a muscle to contract

calcium

Muscles and nerves, step 5: Actin and myosin are ___; sliding filament theory

protein filaments

Muscle and nerves, step 6: Muscle relax when the ___ leaves

calcium

What is the all or none principle?

a muscle fiber contracts FULLY whenever it contracts. It either contracts or it doesn't contract

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

1. isotonic | 2. isometric

Muscle contraction where muscle shorten and movement occurs, like walking, lifting sports

isotonic

Muscle contraction where muscles don't shorten and no movement occurs, like maintaining posture

isometric

What are the criteria for naming muscles?

1. location 2. shape 3. size 4. number of attachment points 5. action 6. direction of muscle fibers